Fluorinated Thieno[2,3:4,5]benzo[1,2d][1,2,3]triazole: New Acceptor Unit To Construct Polymer Donors

A new acceptor unit, fluorinated thieno­[2′,3′:4,5]­benzo­[1,2-d]­[1,2,3]­triazole (fBTAZT), has been designed and synthesized to build two donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers with the none/fluorinated benzodithiophene (BDT) unit, which have been applied as the electron-donating material with ITIC as an electron-accepting material to fabricate the nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs). It is found that fluorination at the BTAZT unit and BDT unit exerts a significant influence on photophysical properties and photovoltaic performances of the PSCs. As a result, when the fluorine atom is introduced both into the BTAZT unit and the side-chain thiophene ring of the BDT unit, the corresponding polymer PfBTAZT-fBDT exhibits deeper highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level and shows stronger interchain interaction with a little broad and red-shift absorption and high charge mobilities as well as good phase-separated morphologies, thus leading to higher power conversion efficiency of 6.59% in nonfullerene PSCs compared with another polymer PfBTAZT-BDT without F atom at the BDT unit, indicating that fBTAZT can be acted as a medium strong organic acceptor to build D–A polymer donor for high efficient PSCs

Additional file 3: Table S1. of FMAP: Functional Mapping and Analysis Pipeline for metagenomics and metatranscriptomics studies

ShotgunFunctionalizeR predicted 60 differentially abundant pathways. ShotgunFunctionalieR uses quasi-Poisson model to assess each pathway provided in the COG database. Category size, gene family size and adjusted P-value (BH) are provided according to ShotgunFunctionalizeR user’s guide [1]. (DOCX 19 kb

Conjugated Polymers of Rylene Diimide and Phenothiazine for n‑Channel Organic Field-Effect Transistors

A series of new n-type copolymers based on perylene diimide (PDI) or naphthalene diimide (NDI) and phenothiazine (PTZ) with different side chain length and molecular weight have been designed and synthesized by Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling polymerization with or without phase-transfer catalyst Aliquat 336. The effects of main chain, side chain, and molecular weight on the thermal, optical, electronic, and charge transport properties of the polymers have been investigated. Aliquat 336 improves molecular weight as well as reduces polydispersity index of the polymers. All the polymers exhibit a broad absorption extending from 300 to 900 nm. The main chain and side chain structure and molecular weight have minor effects on the HOMO (−5.8 to −5.9 eV) and LUMO (−3.7 to −3.8 eV) levels of the polymers. n-Channel field-effect transistors with bottom-gate top-contact geometry based on these copolymers exhibit electron mobilities as high as 0.05 cm² V^–1 s^–1 and on/off ratios as high as 10⁵ in nitrogen, which are among the best reported for rylene diimide-based polymers under the same test conditions

Nonfullerene Acceptor with “Donor–Acceptor Combined π‑Bridge” for Organic Photovoltaics with Large Open-Circuit Voltage

In this work, a kind of “donor–acceptor (D–A) combined π-bridge” based on the regioselective reactivity of monofluoro-substituted benzothiadiazole (FBT) to link a thiophene ring has been designed to construct a new A−π–D−π–A-type small molecular acceptor (IDT-FBTR) with indacenodithiophene (IDT) as a central core (D) and 3-octyl-2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)­rhodanine as an electron-withdrawing terminal group (A). Because of the strong intramolecular push–pull electron effect, the IDT-FBTR shows a strong and broad intramolecular charge-transfer absorption band in the range of 500–750 nm. Especially, as an electron-deficient FBT unit (A′) and an electron-rich thiophene ring (D′) in “D–A combined π-bridge” exert an “offset effect” to regulate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the molecule, a relatively high LUMO energy level can be maintained for IDT-FBTR that is helpful to enhance the open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i>_oc) for highly efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). Therefore, the optimized OSC device based on IDT-FBTR as the acceptor and PTB7-Th as the donor shows a much high <i>V</i>_oc of 1.02 V with a relatively low <i>E</i>_loss of 0.56 eV and a best power conversion efficiency of 9.14%

A Low-Bandgap Conjugated Copolymer Based on Porphyrin and Dithienocoronene Diimide with Strong Two-Photon Absorption

A new low-bandgap donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated copolymer poly­(DTCDI–POR) of planar acceptor dithienocoronene diimide (DTCDI) and strong donor porphyrin (POR) has been synthesized by Sonogashira coupling polymerization. Poly­(DTCDI–POR) exhibits good thermal stability (decomposition temperature of 323 °C), strong absorption (molar extinction coefficient per repeat unit is 1.05 × 10⁵ L mol^–1 cm^–1 at 468 nm in CHCl₃ solution) in visible and near-infrared region (300–900 nm), low bandgap (1.44 eV), and strong two-photon absorption (2PA) at telecommunication wavelengths with 2PA cross sections per repeat unit as high as 7809 GM at 1520 nm

Synthesis of a Conjugated Polymer with Broad Absorption and Its Application in High-Performance Phototransistors

An amorphous copolymer (PBDT–BBT) of 4,8-bis­(2-thienyl)­benzo­[1,2-<i>b</i>:4,5-<i>b</i>′]­dithiophene and 5,5′-bibenzo­[<i>c</i>]­[1,2,5]­thiadiazole was synthesized by Stille coupling polymerization. PBDT–BBT exhibited good solution processability, excellent thermal stability with decomposition temperature of 437 °C, broad absorption (300–800 nm), deep HOMO level (−5.7 eV), and LUMO level (−3.7 eV). The microstructure order of PBDT–BBT thin films is not susceptible to thermal annealing temperature (80–200 °C). Field-effect transistors based on this polymer exhibited a charge-carrier mobility of 6 × 10^–3 cm² V^–1 s^–1, threshold voltage of −1 V, and on/off current ratio of 10⁶ without any post-treatments. Thin film phototransistors of PBDT–BBT exhibited a photoresponsivity of 3200 mA W^–1 and photocurrent/dark current ratio of 4 × 10⁵

Breaking 10% Efficiency in Semitransparent Solar Cells with Fused-Undecacyclic Electron Acceptor

A fused-undecacyclic electron acceptor IUIC has been designed, synthesized and applied in organic solar cells (OSCs) and semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs). In comparison with its counterpart, fused-heptacyclic ITIC4, IUIC with a larger π-conjugation and a stronger electron-donating core exhibits a higher LUMO level (IUIC: −3. 87 eV vs ITIC4: −3.97 eV), 82 nm red-shifted absorption with larger extinction coefficient and smaller optical bandgap, and higher electron mobility. Thus, IUIC-based OSCs show higher values in open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and thereby much higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than those of the ITIC4-based counterpart. The as-cast OSCs based on PTB7-Th: IUIC without any extra treatment yield PCEs of up to 11.2%, higher than that of the control devices based on PTB7-Th: ITIC4 (8.18%). The as-cast ST-OSCs based on PTB7-Th: IUIC without any extra treatment afford PCEs of up to 10.2% with an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 31%, higher than those of the control devices based on PTB7-Th: ITIC4 (PCE = 6.42%, AVT = 28%)

Acceptor–Donor–Acceptor Small Molecules Based on Indacenodithiophene for Efficient Organic Solar Cells

Four A-D-A type small molecules using 4,4,9,9-tetrakis­(4-hexylphenyl)- indaceno­[1,2-b:5,6-b′]­dithiophene as central building block, bithiophene or terthiophene as π-bridges, alkyl cyanoacetate or rhodanine as end acceptor groups were synthesized and investigated as electron donors in solution-processed organic solar cells (OSCs). These molecules showed excellent thermal stability with decomposition temperatures over 360 °C, relatively low HOMO levels of −5.18 to −5.22 eV, and strong optical absorption from 350 to 670 nm with high molar extinction coefficient of 1.1 × 10⁵ to 1.6 × 10⁵ M^–1 cm^–1 in chloroform solution. OSCs based on blends of these molecules and PC₇₁BM achieved average power conversion efficiencies of 2.32 to 5.09% (the best 5.32%) after thermal annealing. The effects of thiophene bridge length and end acceptor groups on absorption, energy level, charge transport, morphology, and photovoltaic properties of the molecules were investigated

The FNR (%) of the heterozygotes in 6 pedigrees from four callers (Polymutt2, Beagle4, GATK and Polymutt) for variants with alternative allele frequencies in 4 bins in the range of [0, 0.1] at sequencing coverage of 20X.

<p>Results of different pedigrees are shown in panel A) for Sib2, B) for Sib4, C) for Sib6, D) for Nuc4, E) for Nuc6 and F) for Ext10.</p

Fluorescence Detection of DNA Hybridization Based on the Aggregation-Induced Emission of a Perylene-Functionalized Polymer

A perylene-functionalized polycation was synthesized by quaternization of poly­(4-vinylpyridine) with bromomethyl-perylene and methyl iodide, which exhibited a unique aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. The synthesized polycation and polyanion ssDNA could form a complex probe to detect DNA hybridization. Upon adding noncomplementary ssDNA, the fluorescence of the complex probe increased due to the AIE effect; upon adding complementary ssDNA, the fluorescence intensity changed little due to the combined effects of AIE and duplex-quenching resulting from the intercalation of perylene into the duplex