9 research outputs found
Europium Triple-Decker Complexes Containing Phthalocyanine and NitrophenylâCorrole Macrocycles
A series
of europium triple-decker complexes containing phthalocyanine
and nitrophenylâcorrole macrocycles were synthesized and characterized
by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods in nonaqueous media.
The examined compounds are represented as Eu<sub>2</sub>[PcÂ(OC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>)<sub>8</sub>]<sub>2</sub>Â[CorÂ(Ph)<sub><i>n</i></sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>Ph)<sub>3â<i>n</i></sub>], where <i>n</i> varies from 0 to 3, PcÂ(OC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>)<sub>8</sub> represents the phthalocyanine macrocycle,
and Cor indicates the corrole macrocycle having phenyl (Ph) or nitrophenyl
(NO<sub>2</sub>Ph) meso substituents. Three different methods were
used for syntheses of the target complexes, two of which are reported
here for the first time. Each examined compound undergoes five reversible
one-electron oxidations and 3â5 one-electron reductions depending
upon the number of NO<sub>2</sub>Ph substituents. The nitrophenyl
groups on the meso positions of the corrole are highly electron-withdrawing,
and this leads to a substantial positive shift in potential for the
five oxidations and first reduction in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, PhCN, or pyridine as compared to the parent triple-decker compound
with a triphenylcorrole macrocycle. The measured <i>E</i><sub>1/2</sub> values are linearly related to the number of NO<sub>2</sub>Ph groups on the corrole, and the relative magnitude of the
shift in potential for each redox reaction was used in conjunction
with the results from thin-layer spectro-electrochemistry to assign
the initial site of oxidation or reduction on the molecule. The nitrophenyl
substituents are also redox-active, and each is reduced to [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>â</sup> in a separate
one-electron transfer step at potentials between â1.12 and
â1.42 V versus saturated calomel electrode
Europium Triple-Decker Complexes Containing Phthalocyanine and NitrophenylâCorrole Macrocycles
A series
of europium triple-decker complexes containing phthalocyanine
and nitrophenylâcorrole macrocycles were synthesized and characterized
by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods in nonaqueous media.
The examined compounds are represented as Eu<sub>2</sub>[PcÂ(OC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>)<sub>8</sub>]<sub>2</sub>Â[CorÂ(Ph)<sub><i>n</i></sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>Ph)<sub>3â<i>n</i></sub>], where <i>n</i> varies from 0 to 3, PcÂ(OC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>)<sub>8</sub> represents the phthalocyanine macrocycle,
and Cor indicates the corrole macrocycle having phenyl (Ph) or nitrophenyl
(NO<sub>2</sub>Ph) meso substituents. Three different methods were
used for syntheses of the target complexes, two of which are reported
here for the first time. Each examined compound undergoes five reversible
one-electron oxidations and 3â5 one-electron reductions depending
upon the number of NO<sub>2</sub>Ph substituents. The nitrophenyl
groups on the meso positions of the corrole are highly electron-withdrawing,
and this leads to a substantial positive shift in potential for the
five oxidations and first reduction in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, PhCN, or pyridine as compared to the parent triple-decker compound
with a triphenylcorrole macrocycle. The measured <i>E</i><sub>1/2</sub> values are linearly related to the number of NO<sub>2</sub>Ph groups on the corrole, and the relative magnitude of the
shift in potential for each redox reaction was used in conjunction
with the results from thin-layer spectro-electrochemistry to assign
the initial site of oxidation or reduction on the molecule. The nitrophenyl
substituents are also redox-active, and each is reduced to [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>â</sup> in a separate
one-electron transfer step at potentials between â1.12 and
â1.42 V versus saturated calomel electrode
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Preventing Postoperative Agitation in Children: A Meta-Analysis
<div><p>Background</p><p>Emergence agitation (EA) is one of the most common postoperative complications in children. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine for preventing postoperative agitation in children.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. Randomized controlled trials were included. The following outcome measures were evaluated: incidence of EA, number of patients requiring rescue, time to eye-open, time to extubation, time to discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU).</p><p>Results</p><p>We analyzed 19 trials (1608 patients) that met the inclusion criteria. Compared with placebo, intravenous dexmedetomidine significantly reduced the incidence of EA [risk ratio (RR) 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25â0.44, <i>P</i><0.00001). Dexmedetomidine also decreased the incidence of severe pain (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27â0.62, <i>P</i><0.0001) and requirement of a rescue drug (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.18â0.53, <i>P</i><0.0001). However, compared with placebo, dexmedetomidine increased the time to eye-open by 0.98 min (<i>P</i> = 0.01) and the time to PACU discharge by 4.63 min (<i>P</i> = 0.02). Dexmedetomidine was also compared with midazolam, propofol, ketamine, and fentanyl, among others. No significant difference was found in the incidence of EA for most of these comparisons, with the exception of fentanyl and propofol, where dexmedetomidine was more beneficial.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Dexmedetomidine was proved effective for preventing EA and for reducing severe pain and the requirement of rescue drugs. It slightly increased the time to eye-open and the time to PACU discharge. Dexmedetomidine was also more beneficial than propofol or fentanyl in preventing EA.</p></div
Incidence of emergence agitation (EA): dexmedetomidine vs. placebo.
<p>Forest plot shows that the overall effect of pooled trials was in favor of dexmedetomidine. D, dexmedetomidine; P, placebo.</p
Incidence of EA: dexmedetomidine vs. fentanyl.
<p>Forest plot shows that the overall effect of pooled trials without the Pestieau 2011 was in favor of dexmedetomidine. The Pestieau 2011 study was excluded because of clinical and statistical heterogeneity. D, dexmedetomidine; F, fentanyl</p
Time to eye-open: dexmedetomidine vs. placebo.
<p>Forest plot shows that the overall effect of pooled trials was in favor of placebo. Patients given dexmedetomidine took more time to recover. Heterogeneity was observed when these studies were pooled and the random effects model was chosen for analysis. D, dexmedetomidine; P, placebo</p
Flow diagram of included/excluded studies.
<p>Flow diagram of included/excluded studies.</p
Incidence of severe postoperative pain: dexmedetomidine vs. placebo.
<p>Forest plot shows that the overall effect of pooled trials was in favor of dexmedetomidine. D, dexmedetomidine; P, placebo</p
Microwave-Mediated Synthesis of Bulky Lanthanide PorphyrinâPhthalocyanine Triple-Deckers: Electrochemical and Magnetic Properties
Five heteroleptic
lanthanide porphyrinâbis-phthalocyanine triple-decker complexes
with bulky peripheral groups were prepared via microwave-assisted
synthesis and characterized in terms of their spectroscopic, electrochemical,
and magnetic properties. These compounds, which were easily obtained
under our preparative conditions, would normally not be accessible
in large quantities using conventional synthetic methods, as a result
of the low yield resulting from steric congestion of bulky groups
on the periphery of the phthalocyanine and porphyrin ligands. The
electrochemically investigated triple-decker derivatives undergo four
reversible one-electron oxidations and three reversible one-electron
reductions. The sites of oxidation and reduction were assigned on
the basis of redox potentials and UVâvis spectral changes during
electron-transfer processes monitored by thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry,
in conjunction with assignments of electronic absorption bands of
the neutral compounds. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on two
derivatives containing Tb<sup>III</sup> and Dy<sup>III</sup> metal
ions reveal the presence of ferromagnetic interactions, probably resulting
from magnetic dipolar interactions. The Tb<sup>III</sup> derivative
shows SMM behavior under an applied field of 0.1 T, where the direct
and Orbach process can be determined, resulting in an energy barrier
of <i>U</i><sub>eff</sub> = 132.0 K. However, ColeâCole
plots reveal the presence of two relaxation processes, the second
of which takes place at higher frequencies, with the data conforming
to a 1/<i>t</i> â <i>T</i><sup>7</sup> relation,
thus suggesting that it can be assigned to a Raman process. Attempts
were made to form two-dimensional (2D) self-assembled networks on
a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface but were unsuccessful
due to bulky peripheral groups on the two Pc macrocycles