The mean fitness of populations.

<p>Purple circles, solid lines, asexual population; red squares, dashed lines, sexual population with only segregation; blue diamonds, solid lines, sexual population with both segregation and recombination (<i>L</i> = 0.01). (a) The mean fitness, <i>W</i>, of each population as a function of dominance coefficient of deleterious mutations <i>h</i> when mutations were exclusively deleterious. <i>U</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.2, <i>s</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.05. (b) The logarithm <i>W</i> as a function of <i>h</i> when mutations were exclusively beneficial. <i>U</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.002, <i>s</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.02. All the populations have the same size <i>N</i> = 10,000. Error bars are the standard error over the 10 averages here and throughout the article.</p

The fixation number of mutations.

<p>The fixation number of mutations in simulation as a function of the dominance coefficient <i>h</i>. Purple circles, solid lines, asexual population; red squares, dashed lines, sexual population with only segregation; blue diamonds, solid lines, sexual population with both segregation and recombination (<i>L</i> = 0.01). (a) The fixation number of deleterious mutations <i>N</i>_<i>D</i>. <i>U</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.2, <i>s</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.05. (b) The fixation number of deleterious mutations <i>N</i>_<i>B</i>. <i>U</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.002, <i>s</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.02. Other parameters used were the same as those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0128459#pone.0128459.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>.</p

The effect of recombination on <i>W</i> under deleterious mutations.

<p>The mean fitness <i>W</i> of each population as a function of genetic map length per chromosome <i>L</i>. The deleterious mutations with dominance coefficient <i>h</i> = 0.1, <i>h</i> = 0.3, <i>h</i> = 0.5, <i>h</i> = 0.7, <i>h</i> = 1.0. Other parameters are the same in all cases: the population size <i>N</i> = 10,000, the deleterious mutation rate <i>U</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.2 and the strength of selection <i>s</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.05.</p

Selective advantage of a sex modifier <i>u/u</i>^<i>*</i>.

<p>Selective advantage <i>u/u</i>^{<b><i>*</i></b>} as a function of the dominance coefficient <i>h</i>. Blue circles, solid lines, sexual population with <i>L</i> = 0 (only segregation); purple squares, dashed lines, sexual population with <i>L</i> = 0.5; red diamonds, solid lines, sexual population with <i>L</i> = 1.0. (a) Mutations were deleterious. <i>U</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.2, <i>s</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.05. The presence of recombination had significant effects on the relative fixation probability of the sex modifier when <i>h</i> > 0.5 (Kruskal-Wallis tests: <i>P</i>-values < 0.01). (b) Mutations were beneficial. <i>U</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.002, <i>s</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.02. The presence of recombination had significant effects on the relative fixation probability of the sex modifier when <i>h</i> < 0.5 (Kruskal-Wallis tests: <i>P</i>-values < 0.01). All statistical analyses were completed in R 3.1.0.</p

Influences of Dominance and Evolution of Sex in Finite Diploid Populations

<div><p>Most eukaryotes reproduce sexually. Although the benefits of sex in diploids mainly stem from recombination and segregation, the relative effects of recombination and segregation are relatively less known. In this study, we adopt an infinite loci model to illustrate how dominance coefficient of mutations affects the above-mentioned genetic events. However, we assume mutational effects to be independent and also ignore the effects of epistasis within loci. Our simulations show that with different levels of dominance, segregation and recombination may play different roles. In particular, recombination more commonly has a major impact on the evolution of sex when deleterious mutations are partially recessive. In contrast, when deleterious mutations are dominant, segregation becomes more important than recombination, a finding that is consistent with previous studies stating that segregation, rather than recombination, is more likely to drive the evolution of sex. Moreover, beneficial mutations alone remarkably increases the effects of recombination. We also note that populations favor sexual reproduction when deleterious mutations become more dominant or beneficial mutations become more recessive. Overall, these results illustrate that the existence of dominance is an important mechanism that affects the evolution of sex.</p></div

The fixation number of deleterious mutations <i>N</i>_<i>D</i><i>vs</i>. genetic map length per chromosome <i>L</i>.

<p>The fixation number of deleterious mutations as a function of genetic map length per chromosome <i>L</i>. The deleterious mutations with dominance coefficient <i>h</i> < 0.5 (<i>h</i> = 0.2, <i>h</i> = 0.3, <i>h</i> = 0.4). Other parameters are the same in all cases: the population size <i>N</i> = 10,000, the deleterious mutation rate <i>U</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.2 and the strength of selection <i>s</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.05.</p

The mean fitness of populations with different sizes.

<p>Blue circles, solid lines, <i>h</i> = 0.2; purple squares, dashed lines, <i>h</i> = 0.5; red diamonds, solid lines, <i>h</i> = 0.8. The mean fitness, <i>W</i>, of each population as a function of population size <i>N</i>. (a) Sexual population with only segregation and mutations were exclusively deleterious. <i>U</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.2, <i>s</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.05. (b) Sexual population with only segregation and mutations were exclusively beneficial. <i>U</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.002, <i>s</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.02. (c) Sexual population with both segregation and recombination (<i>L</i> = 0.01). Mutations were exclusively deleterious. <i>U</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.2, <i>s</i>_<i>D</i> = 0.05. (d) Sexual population with both segregation and recombination (<i>L</i> = 0.01). Mutations were exclusively beneficial. <i>U</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.002, <i>s</i>_<i>B</i> = 0.02.</p

original data for all figures

The original data for all figures in the manuscript

Construction of S‑modified Amorphous Fe(OH)₃ on NiSe Nanowires as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Efficient Seawater Splitting

Seawater electrolysis is valuable for hydrogen production, but there are significant challenges such as severe Cl– corrosion and competition reaction of the chlorine evolution reaction (CER) due to high Cl– concentrations. Here, a core–shell structure was developed on the nickel foam substrate, consisting of a sulfur-modified amorphous Fe(OH)3 layer on top of a crossing NiSe nanowire (named S–Fe(OH)3/NiSe/NF). The S–Fe(OH)3/NiSe/NF electrode demonstrates outstanding catalytic performance for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in simulated and natural alkaline seawater electrolytes. The overpotentials at 100 mA/cm2 for the OER in simulated and natural alkaline seawater electrolytes are 234 and 232 mV, respectively. For HER, the values are 331 and 341 mV, respectively, at a current density of 100 mA/cm2. When S–Fe(OH)3/NiSe/NF serves as both the anode and cathode, the electrolyzer demonstrates excellent performance with voltages of 1.85 and 1.87 V at 100 mA/cm2 in simulated and natural seawater electrolytes, respectively. This electrolyzer holds significant promise for practical seawater electrolysis

Reliability diagrams and two types of HL-test.

<p>In (a), (b), and (c), we visually illustrate the reliability diagram, and groupings used for the HL-H test and the HL-C test, respectively.</p