118 research outputs found
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Cryo-EM structure of the mature dengue virus at 3.5-Å resolution.
Regulated by pH, membrane-anchored proteins E and M function during dengue virus maturation and membrane fusion. Our atomic model of the whole virion from cryo-electron microscopy at 3.5-Å resolution reveals that in the mature virus at neutral extracellular pH, the N-terminal 20-amino-acid segment of M (involving three pH-sensing histidines) latches and thereby prevents spring-loaded E fusion protein from prematurely exposing its fusion peptide. This M latch is fastened at an earlier stage, during maturation at acidic pH in the trans-Golgi network. At a later stage, to initiate infection in response to acidic pH in the late endosome, M releases the latch and exposes the fusion peptide. Thus, M serves as a multistep chaperone of E to control the conformational changes accompanying maturation and infection. These pH-sensitive interactions could serve as targets for drug discovery
SAM-PARSER: Fine-tuning SAM Efficiently by Parameter Space Reconstruction
Segment Anything Model (SAM) has received remarkable attention as it offers a
powerful and versatile solution for object segmentation in images. However,
fine-tuning SAM for downstream segmentation tasks under different scenarios
remains a challenge, as the varied characteristics of different scenarios
naturally requires diverse model parameter spaces. Most existing fine-tuning
methods attempt to bridge the gaps among different scenarios by introducing a
set of new parameters to modify SAM's original parameter space. Unlike these
works, in this paper, we propose fine-tuning SAM efficiently by parameter space
reconstruction (SAM-PARSER), which introduce nearly zero trainable parameters
during fine-tuning. In SAM-PARSER, we assume that SAM's original parameter
space is relatively complete, so that its bases are able to reconstruct the
parameter space of a new scenario. We obtain the bases by matrix decomposition,
and fine-tuning the coefficients to reconstruct the parameter space tailored to
the new scenario by an optimal linear combination of the bases. Experimental
results show that SAM-PARSER exhibits superior segmentation performance across
various scenarios, while reducing the number of trainable parameters by
times compared with current parameter-efficient fine-tuning
methods
Community Detection Using Revised Medoid-Shift Based on KNN
Community detection becomes an important problem with the booming of social
networks. As an excellent clustering algorithm, Mean-Shift can not be applied
directly to community detection, since Mean-Shift can only handle data with
coordinates, while the data in the community detection problem is mostly
represented by a graph that can be treated as data with a distance matrix (or
similarity matrix). Fortunately, a new clustering algorithm called Medoid-Shift
is proposed. The Medoid-Shift algorithm preserves the benefits of Mean-Shift
and can be applied to problems based on distance matrix, such as community
detection. One drawback of the Medoid-Shift algorithm is that there may be no
data points within the neighborhood region defined by a distance parameter. To
deal with the community detection problem better, a new algorithm called
Revised Medoid-Shift (RMS) in this work is thus proposed. During the process of
finding the next medoid, the RMS algorithm is based on a neighborhood defined
by KNN, while the original Medoid-Shift is based on a neighborhood defined by a
distance parameter. Since the neighborhood defined by KNN is more stable than
the one defined by the distance parameter in terms of the number of data points
within the neighborhood, the RMS algorithm may converge more smoothly. In the
RMS method, each of the data points is shifted towards a medoid within the
neighborhood defined by KNN. After the iterative process of shifting, each of
the data point converges into a cluster center, and the data points converging
into the same center are grouped into the same cluster
COAD: Contrastive Pre-training with Adversarial Fine-tuning for Zero-shot Expert Linking
Expert finding, a popular service provided by many online websites such as
Expertise Finder, LinkedIn, and AMiner, benefits seeking consultants,
collaborators, and candidate qualifications. However, its quality is suffered
from a single source of support information for experts. This paper employs
AMiner, a free online academic search and mining system, having collected more
than over 100 million researcher profiles together with 200 million papers from
multiple publication databases, as the basis for investigating the problem of
expert linking, which aims at linking any external information of persons to
experts in AMiner. A critical challenge is how to perform zero shot expert
linking without any labeled linkages from the external information to AMiner
experts, as it is infeasible to acquire sufficient labels for arbitrary
external sources. Inspired by the success of self supervised learning in
computer vision and natural language processing, we propose to train a self
supervised expert linking model, which is first pretrained by contrastive
learning on AMiner data to capture the common representation and matching
patterns of experts across AMiner and external sources, and is then fine-tuned
by adversarial learning on AMiner and the unlabeled external sources to improve
the model transferability. Experimental results demonstrate that COAD
significantly outperforms various baselines without contrastive learning of
experts on two widely studied downstream tasks: author identification
(improving up to 32.1% in HitRatio@1) and paper clustering (improving up to
14.8% in Pairwise-F1). Expert linking on two genres of external sources also
indicates the superiority of the proposed adversarial fine-tuning method
compared with other domain adaptation ways (improving up to 2.3% in
HitRatio@1).Comment: TKDE under revie
A Survey on Label-efficient Deep Image Segmentation: Bridging the Gap between Weak Supervision and Dense Prediction
The rapid development of deep learning has made a great progress in image
segmentation, one of the fundamental tasks of computer vision. However, the
current segmentation algorithms mostly rely on the availability of pixel-level
annotations, which are often expensive, tedious, and laborious. To alleviate
this burden, the past years have witnessed an increasing attention in building
label-efficient, deep-learning-based image segmentation algorithms. This paper
offers a comprehensive review on label-efficient image segmentation methods. To
this end, we first develop a taxonomy to organize these methods according to
the supervision provided by different types of weak labels (including no
supervision, inexact supervision, incomplete supervision and inaccurate
supervision) and supplemented by the types of segmentation problems (including
semantic segmentation, instance segmentation and panoptic segmentation). Next,
we summarize the existing label-efficient image segmentation methods from a
unified perspective that discusses an important question: how to bridge the gap
between weak supervision and dense prediction -- the current methods are mostly
based on heuristic priors, such as cross-pixel similarity, cross-label
constraint, cross-view consistency, and cross-image relation. Finally, we share
our opinions about the future research directions for label-efficient deep
image segmentation.Comment: Accepted to IEEE TPAM
Global trends in the incidence rates of MDR and XDR tuberculosis: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019
Purpose: The study aimed to quantify the global trends of the incidence rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (XDR-TB).Methods: Cases, age-standardized rates (ASRs), and incidence rates of MDR-TB and XDR-TB during 2010–2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The incidence trends of MDR-TB and XDR-TB were evaluated using the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in ASRs. The relationships among the ASRs of MDR-TB and XDR-TB, the MDR rate, the XDR rate, and socio-demographic index (SDI) were assessed using locally weighted regression and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.Results: The global ASR of MDR-TB on average decreased by 1.36% (EAPC = −1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −2.19 to −0.52) per year whereas that of XDR-TB was stable (EAPC = 0.69, 95% CI = −0.15–1.54) during 2010–2019. The incidence trends of MDR-TB in most regions and countries were decreasing, but those of XDR-TB were increasing. People aged 35–44 and 55–64 years had the highest incidence rates for MDR-TB and XDR-TB. The MDR and XDR rates both peaked in those aged 35–44 years. Areas with higher SDI tended to have lower ASRs of MDR-TB (p < 0.001, ρ = −0.43).Conclusion: The current achievements for the incidence trends of MDR-TB and XDR-TB are insufficient. More strategies and tools need to be developed to further curb MDR-TB and XDR-TB, especially in high-risk areas and age groups, and in low SDI regions
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Interactions of Oxide Surfaces with Water Revealed with Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.
Hydrous materials are ubiquitous in the natural environment and efforts have previously been made to investigate the structures and dynamics of hydrated surfaces for their key roles in various chemical and physical applications, with the help of theoretical modeling and microscopy techniques. However, an overall atomic-scale understanding of the water-solid interface, including the effect of water on surface ions, is still lacking. Herein, we employ ceria nanorods with different amounts of water as an example and demonstrate a new approach to explore the water-surface interactions by using solid-state NMR in combination with density functional theory. NMR shifts and relaxation time analysis provide detailed information on the local structure of oxygen ions and the nature of water motion on the surface: the amount of molecularly adsorbed water decreases rapidly with increasing temperature (from room temperature to 150 °C), whereas hydroxyl groups are stable up to 150 °C, and dynamic water molecules are found to instantaneously coordinate to the surface oxygen ions. The applicability of dynamic nuclear polarization for selective detection of surface oxygen species is also compared to conventional NMR with surface selective isotopic-labeling: the optimal method depends on the feasibility of enrichment and the concentration of protons in the sample. These results provide new insight into the interfacial structure of hydrated oxide nanostructures, which is important to improve performance for various applications
Eightfold Fermionic Excitation in a Charge Density Wave Compound
Unconventional quasiparticle excitations in condensed matter systems have
become one of the most important research frontiers. Beyond two- and fourfold
degenerate Weyl and Dirac fermions, three-, six- and eightfold symmetry
protected degeneracies have been predicted however remain challenging to
realize in solid state materials. Here, charge density wave compound TaTe4 is
proposed to hold eightfold fermionic excitation and Dirac point in energy
bands. High quality TaTe4 single crystals are prepared, where the charge
density wave is revealed by directly imaging the atomic structure and a
pseudogap of about 45 meV on the surface. Shubnikov de-Haas oscillations of
TaTe4 are consistent with band structure calculation. Scanning tunneling
microscopy reveals atomic step edge states on the surface of TaTe4. This work
uncovers that charge density wave is able to induce new topological phases and
sheds new light on the novel excitations in condensed matter materials.Comment: Accepted by PRB:
https://journals.aps.org/prb/accepted/7907cK4eW0b1ee0b93fd67c1b42942bbb08eafc3
RTA-408 Protects Kidney from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice via Activating Nrf2 and Downstream GSH Biosynthesis Gene
Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia-reperfusion is a critical conundrum in many clinical settings. Here, this study aimed to determine whether and how RTA-408, a novel oleanane triterpenoid, could confer protection against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in male mice. Mice treated with RTA-408 undergoing unilateral ischemia followed by contralateral nephrectomy had improved renal function and histological outcome, as well as decreased apoptosis, ROS production, and oxidative injury marker compared with vehicle-treated mice. Also, we had found that RTA-408 could strengthen the total antioxidant capacity by increasing Nrf2 nuclear translocation and subsequently increased Nrf2 downstream GSH-related antioxidant gene expression and activity. In vitro study demonstrated that GSH biosynthesis enzyme GCLc could be an important target of RTA-408. Furthermore, Nrf2-deficient mice treated with RTA-408 had no significant improvement in renal function, histology, ROS production, and GSH-related gene expression. Thus, by upregulating Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant genes, RTA-408 presents a novel and potential approach to renal IRI prevention and therapy
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