Influence of isoniazid on T lymphocytes, cytokines, and macrophages in rats

T lymphocytes, cytokines, and macrophages play important roles in the clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by the immune system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of isoniazid on the functions of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Healthy rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Each group was randomly divided into three subgroups and named according to the duration of drug feeding, 1, 3, and 3 months followed by drug withdrawal for 1 month. The experimental groups were fed with isoniazid (12 mg/mL) and the control groups with normal saline. The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, level of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ, and function of macrophages were determined at these three time points. Isoniazid significantly increased the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes and the CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte cell ratio (P < 0.05). It transiently (<1 month) enhanced the functions of rat macrophages significantly (P < 0.05). In summary, isoniazid could increase the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte cell ratio, and enhance macrophage function in healthy rats

A multi-objective control strategy for three phase grid-connected inverter during unbalanced voltage sag

This paper presents a new multi-objective control strategy for inverter-interfaced distributed generation (IIDG) to ensure its safe and continuous operation under unbalanced voltage sags. The proposed control strategy can effectively improve the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability, reduce active power oscillations, and limit overcurrent simultaneously, which are marked as the most important control objectives of IIDG during unbalanced voltage sags. The advanced voltage support scheme, which utilizes positive sequence component, is firstly proposed to maximize the LVRT capability of IIDG during unbalanced voltage sags. Then, to ensure the safety of IIDG, the active power oscillation suppression and current limitation algorithm are designed individually. Based on the control algorithms of such objectives, the multi-objective control method, including scenario classification and reference current determination, is then presented to achieve such three objectives under various system conditions simultaneously. Finally, case studies and evaluations based on MATLAB/Simulink are carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method

HeadSculpt: Crafting 3D Head Avatars with Text

Recently, text-guided 3D generative methods have made remarkable advancements in producing high-quality textures and geometry, capitalizing on the proliferation of large vision-language and image diffusion models. However, existing methods still struggle to create high-fidelity 3D head avatars in two aspects: (1) They rely mostly on a pre-trained text-to-image diffusion model whilst missing the necessary 3D awareness and head priors. This makes them prone to inconsistency and geometric distortions in the generated avatars. (2) They fall short in fine-grained editing. This is primarily due to the inherited limitations from the pre-trained 2D image diffusion models, which become more pronounced when it comes to 3D head avatars. In this work, we address these challenges by introducing a versatile coarse-to-fine pipeline dubbed HeadSculpt for crafting (i.e., generating and editing) 3D head avatars from textual prompts. Specifically, we first equip the diffusion model with 3D awareness by leveraging landmark-based control and a learned textual embedding representing the back view appearance of heads, enabling 3D-consistent head avatar generations. We further propose a novel identity-aware editing score distillation strategy to optimize a textured mesh with a high-resolution differentiable rendering technique. This enables identity preservation while following the editing instruction. We showcase HeadSculpt's superior fidelity and editing capabilities through comprehensive experiments and comparisons with existing methods.Comment: Webpage: https://brandonhan.uk/HeadSculpt

An improved inverse-time over-current protection method for microgrid with optimized acceleration and coordination

This paper presents an improved inverse-time over-current protection method based on the compound fault acceleration factor and the beetle antennae search (BAS) optimization method for microgrid. The proposed method can not only significantly increase the operation speed of inverse-time over-current protection but also improve the protection coordination by considering possible influential factors, in terms of microgrid operation modes, distributed generation (DG) integration status, fault types, and positions, which are marked as the most challenging problems for over-current protection of microgrid. In this paper, a new Time Dial Setting (TDS) of inverse-time protection is developed by applying a compound fault acceleration factor, which can notably accelerate the speed of protection by using low-voltage and short-circuit impedance during the fault. In order to improve protection coordination, the BAS algorithm is then used to optimize the protection parameters of pick up current, TDS and the inverse time curve shape coefficient. Finally, the case studies and various evaluations based on DIgSILENT/Power Factory are carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method

Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM _2.5 in urban areas of Xiangtan, central south China

Xiangtan, South China, is characterized by year-round high relative humidity and very low wind speeds. To assess levels of PM2.5, daily samples were collected from 2016 to 2017 at two urban sites. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were in the range of 30⁻217 µg/m3, with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in spring. Major water-soluble ions (WSIIs) and total carbon (TC) accounted for 58⁻59% and 21⁻24% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively. Secondary inorganic ions (SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+) dominated the WSIIs and accounted for 73% and 74% at the two sites. The concentrations of K, Fe, Al, Sb, Ca, Zn, Mg, Pb, Ba, As, and Mn in the PM2.5 at the two sites were higher than 40 ng/m3, and decreased in the order of winter > autumn > spring. Enrichment factor analysis indicates that Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Tl, and Pb mainly originates from anthropogenic sources. Source apportionment analysis showed that secondary inorganic aerosols, vehicle exhaust, coal combustion and secondary aerosols, fugitive dust, industrial emissions, steel industry are the major sources of PM2.5, contributing 25⁻27%, 21⁻22%, 19⁻21%, 16⁻18%, 6⁻9%, and 8⁻9% to PM2.5 mass

Microbicidal Phagocytosis of Nucleus Pulposus Cells Against Staphylococcus aureus via the TLR2/MAPKs Signaling Pathway

Intervertebral disc (IVD) is an immune-privileged organ that lacks immunocytes, such as macrophages or neutrophils; therefore, it is unclear how IVD immunological defense against bacterial infection occurs. Here, we demonstrated that nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), the vital machinery for maintaining the homeostasis of IVD, exerted microbicidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus via induction of phagolysosome formation. Moreover, we found that the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway is critical for bacterial phagocytosis and phagolysosome formation of NPCs. These findings demonstrated for the first time that NPCs could function as non-professional phagocytes against S. aureus infection, thereby enhancing antimicrobial defense against bacterial infections in IVDs

Anomalous stopping of laser-accelerated intense proton beam in dense ionized matter

Ultrahigh-intensity lasers (10$^{18}$-10$^{22}$W/cm$^{2}$) have opened up new perspectives in many fields of research and application [1-5]. By irradiating a thin foil, an ultrahigh accelerating field (10$^{12}$ V/m) can be formed and multi-MeV ions with unprecedentedly high intensity (10$^{10}$A/cm$^2$) in short time scale ($\sim$ps) are produced [6-14]. Such beams provide new options in radiography [15], high-yield neutron sources [16], high-energy-density-matter generation [17], and ion fast ignition [18,19]. An accurate understanding of the nonlinear behavior of beam transport in matter is crucial for all these applications. We report here the first experimental evidence of anomalous stopping of a laser-generated high-current proton beam in well-characterized dense ionized matter. The observed stopping power is one order of magnitude higher than single-particle slowing-down theory predictions. We attribute this phenomenon to collective effects where the intense beam drives an decelerating electric field approaching 1GV/m in the dense ionized matter. This finding will have considerable impact on the future path to inertial fusion energy.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Energy loss enhancement of very intense proton beams in dense matter due to the beam-density effect

Thoroughly understanding the transport and energy loss of intense ion beams in dense matter is essential for high-energy-density physics and inertial confinement fusion. Here, we report a stopping power experiment with a high-intensity laser-driven proton beam in cold, dense matter. The measured energy loss is one order of magnitude higher than the expectation of individual particle stopping models. We attribute this finding to the proximity of beam ions to each other, which is usually insignificant for relatively-low-current beams from classical accelerators. The ionization of the cold target by the intense ion beam is important for the stopping power calculation and has been considered using proper ionization cross section data. Final theoretical values agree well with the experimental results. Additionally, we extend the stopping power calculation for intense ion beams to plasma scenario based on Ohm's law. Both the proximity- and the Ohmic effect can enhance the energy loss of intense beams in dense matter, which are also summarized as the beam-density effect. This finding is useful for the stopping power estimation of intense beams and significant to fast ignition fusion driven by intense ion beams

Raman Spectroelectrochemical Study on Bioactive Molecules

本文概述了采用电化学现场拉曼光谱技术研究氧化物歧化酶在L 半胱氨酸修饰金电极表面的电子迁移反应以及腺嘌呤共存条件下超氧化物歧化酶在金电极表面的电子迁移反应和不同电位下银电极表面烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的吸附等体系的反应吸附特性 .所得结果对于分析和研究生物活性分子电化学过程机理具有重要意义 .Electron?transfer reaction is known to be one of the key reactions for generating biological functions. Mechanism revelation at a molecular level of such kind reactions is to be very helpful for us to understand life essence. In fact, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is one of the most powerful tools for the study on metal?electrolyte and metal?vacuum interfaces since 1970's. Moreover, Raman spectroscopic study in enzymology has provided attractive results during last twenty?five years. For the study of electron?transfer reaction mechanism of some oxidoreductases and SERS of some other biological macromolecules, an electrochemical in situ Raman spectroscopic technique was established in author's lab and some research works have been done on it in the past two years. A brief review of these works is given in this paper. The electrochemical in situ Raman spectroscopic measurements were carried out using a Super LABRAM Raman spectrometer (Dilor, France) coupled with a CHI604A Electrochemical Analyzer (CH Instr., USA). A Teflon spectroelectrochemical cell with a quartz plate window was designed for the in situ measurements. The working electrode was pretreated with oxidation?reduction cycles for each measurement. The electrolyte solutions were purged with nitrogen prior to all measurements, and all the measurements were carried out under the nitrogen atmosphere. Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important oxidoreductase for organism metabolism. The established spectroelectrochemical technique was first used to characterize the cyclic voltammetric process of SOD at L?cysteine modified gold electrode as well as the process of electrochemical modification of L?cysteine molecules on a gold electrode. The obtained Raman spectra reveal that the L?cysteine modified gold electrode improves effectively the reversibility of electron?transfer reactions of SOD. Besides L?cysteine molecules, it was interesting that adenine was also an effective electron?transfer promoter for SOD at gold electrode. A strong peak at 355 cm -1 can be observed in the Raman spectrum of adenine molecules adsorbed on gold electrode. It was inferred that the peak maybe related to the chemical interaction between adenine molecules adsorbed and gold electrode surface. As shown in Fig.1, for the mixture of SOD and adenine at gold electrode under a polarization potential 55 mV (vs. SCE), both the characteristic Raman lines of SOD and adenine molecules appeared. Therefore it was reasonable to conclude that SOD and adenine molecules should be co?adsorbed on gold electrode surface under such a potential, which is slightly lower than the reduction peak potential of SOD on adenine?modified gold electrode. Moreover, two new peaks appeared remarkably at 445 cm -1 and 610 cm -1 are likely to be related to the active site of SOD. It suggests that the co?adsorption mechanism of SOD and adenine molecules on the gold electrode surface results in effective approaching of the active site of SOD to the electrode surface.作者联系地址：上海师范大学化学系!上海200234,上海师范大学化学系!上海200234,上海师范大学化学系!上海200234,上海师范大学化学系!上海200234,上海师范大学化学系!上海200234,上海师范大学化学系!上海200234Author's Address: Dept. of Chem., Shanghai Teachers Univ., Shanghai 200234,Chin