Well-Posedness by Perturbations for Variational-Hemivariational Inequalities

We generalize the concept of well-posedness by perturbations for optimization problem to a class of variational-hemivariational inequalities. We establish some metric characterizations of the well-posedness by perturbations for the variational-hemivariational inequality and prove their equivalence between the well-posedness by perturbations for the variational-hemivariational inequality and the well-posedness by perturbations for the corresponding inclusion problem

Huang Gan Formula Eliminates the Oxidative Stress Effects of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products on the Divergent Regulation of the Expression of AGEs Receptors via the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a high prevalence and low cure rate and represents a significant health issue. Oxidative stress is common in CKD due to metabolic disorders, inflammation, and impaired renal function changing normal proteins into advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs). Huang Gan formula (HGF) is a new type of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Although we previously investigated the protective effects of HGF against oxidative stress, the mechanism of HGF in CKD is still not fully understood. In this study, we used western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and biochemical assays to show that HGF significantly decreased AOPP-induced oxidative stress damage. Moreover, the protective effects of HGF might be associated with upregulation of the advanced glycation end product receptor 1 (AGE-R1) and downregulation of the receptor for advance glycation end products (RAGE). Treatment with HGF and the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor, AG4-90, significantly attenuated AOPP-induced JAK2/STAT3 protein levels. These findings indicate that HGF inhibits AOPP-mediated biological responses by inactivating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. In conclusion, HGF eliminated AOPP-induced effects in human mesangial cells (HMCs) by interrupting JAK2/STAT3 signaling, which altered RAGE/AGE-R1 expression and reduced oxidative stress in CKD

Solutions For A Generalized Fractional Anomalous Diffusion Equation

In this paper, we investigate the solutions for a generalized fractional diffusion equation that extends some known diffusion equations by taking a spatial time-dependent diffusion coefficient and an external force into account, which subjects to the natural boundaries and the generic initial condition. We obtain explicit analytical expressions for the probability distribution and study the relation between our solutions and those obtained within the maximum entropy principle by using the Tsallis entropy.Comment: 10 pages, LaTeX, 3 figure

Revisiting the Association of Blood Pressure with Mortality in Oldest Old People in China: Community Based, Longitudinal Prospective Study

Objective To examine the associations of blood pressure with all cause mortality and cause specific mortality at three years among oldest old people in China. Design Community based, longitudinal prospective study. Setting 2011 and 2014 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, conducted in 22 Chinese provinces. Participants 4658 oldest old individuals (mean age 92.1 years). Main outcome measures All cause mortality and cause specific mortality assessed at three year follow-up. Results 1997 deaths were recorded at three year follow-up. U shaped associations of mortality with systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure were identified; values of 143.5 mm Hg, 101 mm Hg, and 66 mm Hg conferred the minimum mortality risk, respectively. After adjustment for covariates, the U shaped association remained only for systolic blood pressure (minimum mortality risk at 129 mm Hg). Compared with a systolic blood pressure value of 129 mm Hg, risk of all cause mortality decreased for values lower than 107 mm Hg (from 1.47 (95% confidence interval 1.01 to 2.17) to 1.08 (1.01 to 1.17)), and increased for values greater than 154 mm Hg (from 1.08 (1.01 to 1.17) to 1.27 (1.02 to 1.58)). In the cause specific analysis, compared with a middle range of systolic blood pressure (107-154 mm Hg), higher values (\u3e154 mm Hg) were associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.51 (95% confidence interval 1.12 to 2.02)); lower values (Hg) were associated with a higher risk of non-cardiovascular mortality (1.58 (1.26 to 1.98)). The U shaped associations remained in sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Conclusions This study indicates a U shaped association between systolic blood pressure and all cause mortality at three years among oldest old people in China. This association could be explained by the finding that higher systolic blood pressure predicted a higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease, and that lower systolic blood pressure predicted a higher risk of death from non-cardiovascular causes. These results emphasise the importance of revisiting blood pressure management or establishing specific guidelines for management among oldest old individuals

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely associated with 3-year all-cause mortality among Chinese oldest old: Data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey

Objective: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a risk factor for survival in middle-aged individuals, but conflicting evidence exists on the relationship between LDL-C and all-cause mortality among the elderly. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between LDL-C and all-cause mortality among Chinese oldest old (aged 80 and older) in a prospective cohort study. Methods: LDL-C concentration was measured at baseline and all-cause mortality was calculated over a 3-year period. Multiple statistical models were used to adjust for demographic and biological covariates. Results: During three years of follow-up, 447 of 935 participants died, and the overall all-cause mortality was 49.8%. Each 1 mmol/L increase of LDL-C concentration corresponded to a 19% decrease in 3-year all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71–0.92). The crude HR for abnormally higher LDL-C concentration (≥3.37 mmol/L) was 0.65 (0.41–1.03); and the adjusted HR was statistically significant around 0.60 (0.37–0.95) when adjusted for different sets of confounding factors. Results of sensitivity analysis also showed a significant association between higher LDL-C and lower mortality risk. Conclusions: Among the Chinese oldest old, higher LDL-C level was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality. Our findings suggested the necessity of re-evaluating the optimal level of LDL-C among the oldest old