9,659 research outputs found
PACIAE 2.0: An updated parton and hadron cascade model (program) for the relativistic nuclear collisions
We have updated the parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE for the
relativistic nuclear collisions, from based on JETSET 6.4 and PYTHIA 5.7 to
based on PYTHIA 6.4, and renamed as PACIAE 2.0. The main physics concerning the
stages of the parton initiation, parton rescattering, hadronization, and hadron
rescattering were discussed. The structures of the programs were briefly
explained. In addition, some calculated examples were compared with the
experimental data. It turns out that this model (program) works well.Comment: 23 pages, 7 figure
Enhancement of singly and multiply strangeness in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at 158A GeV/c
The idea that the reduction of the strange quark suppression in string
fragmentation leads to the enhancement of strange particle yield in
nucleus-nucleus collisions is applied to study the singly and multiply strange
particle production in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at 158A GeV/c. In this
mechanism the strange quark suppression factor is related to the effective
string tension, which increases in turn with the increase of the energy, of the
centrality and of the mass of colliding system. The WA97 observation that the
strange particle enhancement increases with the increasing of centrality and of
strange quark content in multiply strange particles in Pb-Pb collisions with
respect to p-Pb collisions was accounted reasonably.Comment: 8 pages, 3 PostScript figures, in Latex form. submitted to PR
Models of Experimental Competitive Intensities Predict Home and Away Differences in Invasive Impact and the Effects of an Endophytic Mutualist
Understanding the role of competition in the organization of communities is limited in part by the difficulty of extrapolating the outcomes of small-scale experiments to how such outcomes might affect the distribution and abundance of species. We modeled the community-level outcomes of competition, using experimentally derived competitive effects and responses between an exotic invasive plant, Centaurea stoebe, and species from both its native and nonnative ranges and using changes in these effects and responses elicited by experimentally establishing symbioses between C. stoebe and fungal endophytes. Using relative interaction intensities (RIIs) and holding other life-history factors constant, individual-based and spatially explicit models predicted competitive exclusion of all but one North American species but none of the European species, regardless of the endophyte status of C. stoebe. Concomitantly, C. stoebe was eliminated from the models with European natives but was codominant in models with North American natives. Endophyte symbiosis predicted increased dominance of C. stoebe in North American communities but not in European communities. However, when experimental variation was included, some of the model outcomes changed slightly. Our results are consistent with the idea that the effects of competitive intensity and mutualisms measured at small scales have the potential to play important roles in determining the larger-scale outcomes of invasion and that the stabilizing indirect effects of competition may promote species coexistence
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