Research progress in the treatment of bladder cancer based on nanotechnology

Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the urinary system. Currently, the clinical treatment options for bladder cancer mainly include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, photodynamic therapy, combination therapy, etc. The conventional treatment and administration strategies for bladder cancer primarily depend on the tumor stage and the extent of metastasis. However, in the process of non-surgical treatment, drugs lack specificity and targeting. Once the dosage is improperly controlled, drugs will damage normal cells when attacking cancer cells, which will lead to poor efficacy and multiple side effects. Nanomedicine is an emerging interdisciplinary field that utilizes nanomaterials and technologies in nanomedicine to provide disruptive technologies for traditional treatments, with advantages such as targeted delivery and high efficiency with low toxicity. Many nanotechnologies have become hot topics in clinical research in the field of medicine. Functionalized nanoparticles can actively or passively target specific cells within target organs, such as bladder cancer cells, by altering their surface properties, thereby enhancing drug delivery precision, reducing damage to normal cells, and improving treatment efficacy. This article provides an overview of the progress in classical and novel treatment approaches to bladder cancer, with a particular focus on the potential applications and future development directions of nanotechnology in the treatment of bladder cancer, providing important reference for personalized therapy and clinical translation in bladder cancer

Assessment of Individual Tree Detection and Canopy Cover Estimation using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle based Light Detection and Ranging (UAV-LiDAR) Data in Planted Forests

Canopy cover is a key forest structural parameter that is commonly used in forest inventory, sustainable forest management and maintaining ecosystem services. Recently, much attention has been paid to the use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) due to the flexibility, convenience, and high point density advantages of this method. In this study, we used UAV-based LiDAR data with individual tree segmentation-based method (ITSM), canopy height model-based method (CHMM), and a statistical model method (SMM) with LiDAR metrics to estimate the canopy cover of a pure ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) planted forest in China. First, each individual tree within the plot was segmented using watershed, polynomial fitting, individual tree crown segmentation (ITCS) and point cloud segmentation (PCS) algorithms, and the canopy cover was calculated using the segmented individual tree crown (ITSM). Second, the CHM-based method, which was based on the CHM height threshold, was used to estimate the canopy cover in each plot. Third, the canopy cover was estimated using the multiple linear regression (MLR) model and assessed by leave-one-out cross validation. Finally, the performance of three canopy cover estimation methods was evaluated and compared by the canopy cover from the field data. The results demonstrated that, the PCS algorithm had the highest accuracy (F = 0.83), followed by the ITCS (F = 0.82) and watershed (F = 0.79) algorithms; the polynomial fitting algorithm had the lowest accuracy (F = 0.77). In the sensitivity analysis, the three CHM-based algorithms (i.e., watershed, polynomial fitting and ITCS) had the highest accuracy when the CHM resolution was 0.5 m, and the PCS algorithm had the highest accuracy when the distance threshold was 2 m. In addition, the ITSM had the highest accuracy in estimation of canopy cover (R2 = 0.92, rRMSE = 3.5%), followed by the CHMM (R2 = 0.94, rRMSE = 5.4%), and the SMM had a relative low accuracy (R2 = 0.80, rRMSE = 5.9%).The UAV-based LiDAR data can be effectively used in individual tree crown segmentation and canopy cover estimation at plot-level, and CC estimation methods can provide references for forest inventory, sustainable management and ecosystem assessment

GOES-R Field Campaign: Addressing the Validation Challenges of Geostationary Satellite Observations

The GOES-R field campaign is a planned activity in support of post-launch L1b & L2+ product validation of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) and the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM). An integrated approach is planned that includes both high-altitude manned and near surface unmanned systems coordinated with ground-based observations over several Earth targets (desert, ocean, land and lightning producing storms). These activities will be coordinated with WMO GSICS partners and low Earth orbit environmental satellites which include S-NPP, Terra/Aqua, METOP and Landsat. While this effort will provide an overview of the GOES-R field campaign plans, our focus will concentrate on addressing the validation challenges of ABI. One fundamental validation challenge is the collection of coincident and collocated aircraft-based observations with matching zenith angles to the space-based geostationary sensor. Another challenge is the collection of coincident and collocated ground based geophysical surface observations with equivalent pixel sizes to the space-based sensor. These observations are used to reduce radiometric validation uncertainties and are typically limited to point based measurements. This study will address these challenges and present on radiative transfer modeling efforts conducted to characterize the view angle uncertainties, planned high-altitude collection strategies, as well as plans to use Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to conduct geospatial near surface observations to support L1b & L2+ validation. Addressing these challenges will enhance validation capabilities of the GOES-R science teams, in addition to pushing the current state-of-the-art of operational environmental satellite validation capabilities

Evolution mechanism of water-conducting fractures in overburden under the influence of water-rich fault in underground coal mining

Abstract Based on the 7618 working face in Yaoqiao coal mine of Datun mining area, the activation mechanism of water-rich faults and the development characteristics of water-conducting fractures in overlying strata under the influence of faults are studied by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field measurement in this paper. The research results show that Anderson model and Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion are combined to establish the fault failure mechanical model, and the fault activation criterion under the influence of mining is obtained. FLAC3D numerical simulation results show that with the advance of the working face, the fault begins to be affected by the mining effect of the working face at the distance of 20 ~ 30 m from the fault. Meanwhile, with the advance of the working face, the overburden shear failure range also expands, and the fault fracture gradually expands from top to bottom. The failure zone of the working face roof is connected with the fault fracture zone. Then the fault is "activated" and causes the fault to become a water gushing channel, and finally the water gushing disaster occurs. Through numerical simulation and comparative analysis, the development height of water-conducting fracture is 73.2 m in the absence of fault, and 73.7 m in the presence of fault, indicating that the fault has little influence on the maximum development height of water-conducting fracture. The actual development height of the water-conducting fracture zone in the 7618 working face is 73.97 m and the fracture production ratio is 13.7. The research results can provide theoretical reference for the safe mining of similar working faces across faults

Multichannel IR Sensor Calibration Validation Using Planck’s Law for Next Generation Environmental Geostationary Systems

Multichannel radiometric sensors such as the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), which will be onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R-Series, and the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), which is currently onboard Himawari 8, provide the possibility to use Planck’s law to validate the absolute calibration of each channel pre-launch as well as on orbit especially in the IR. A technique is developed to use the Planck’s law and evaluate the radiometric calibration of each of the 10 thermal infrared channels by studying their radiometric response in tandem to known brightness temperature scenes. The technique is applied to proxy pre-launch IR calibration data of ABI obtained in a cold chamber by using a cryogenic blackbody and found to reveal differences in channel to channel calibration not noticed otherwise. Such differences allow us to evaluate the uncertainty associated with radiometric calibration and channel by channel spectral response functions. Since both ABI and AHI are designed with 10 IR channels and an onboard blackbody to provide calibration, the technique can be applied in real-time on-orbit to monitor any changes. This paper presents the application of the technique to proxy ABI prelaunch data and extends to the preliminary data available from AHI on orbit