44,285 research outputs found
S-Lemma with Equality and Its Applications
Let and be two quadratic functions
having symmetric matrices and . The S-lemma with equality asks when the
unsolvability of the system implies the existence of a real
number such that . The
problem is much harder than the inequality version which asserts that, under
Slater condition, is unsolvable if and only if for some . In this paper, we
show that the S-lemma with equality does not hold only when the matrix has
exactly one negative eigenvalue and is a non-constant linear function
(). As an application, we can globally solve as well as the two-sided generalized trust region subproblem
without any condition. Moreover, the
convexity of the joint numerical range where is a (possibly non-convex) quadratic
function and are affine functions can be characterized
using the newly developed S-lemma with equality.Comment: 34 page
Electroolfactogram (EOG) Recording in the Mouse Main Olfactory Epithelium
Olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) are responsible for detecting odorants and EOG recording is a reliable approach to analyze the peripheral olfactory function. However, recently we revealed that rodent MOE can also detect the air pressure caused by airflow. The sensation of airflow pressure and odorants may function in synergy to facilitate odorant perception during sniffing. We have reported that the pressure-sensitive response in the MOE can also be assayed by EOG recording. Here we describe procedures for pressure-sensitive as well as odorant-stimulated EOG measurement in the mouse MOE. The major difference between the pressure-sensitive EOG response and the odorant-stimulated response was whether to use pure air puff or use an odorized air puff
Assessing the Economic Impact of Sports Facilities on Residential Property Values: A Spatial Hedonic Approach
This paper estimates the intangible benefits of a two sports facilities in Columbus, Ohio on residential property values. We estimate a spatial hedonic model that avoids biased and inconsistent estimates in the presence of uncorrected spatial autocorrelation. The results suggest that the presence of sports facilities in Columbus have a significant positive distance-decaying effect on surrounding house values, supporting the idea that professional sports facilities generate important intangible benefits in the local economy. OLS overestimates the hedonic model parameters compared with Maximum Likelihood and Spatial Two Stage-Least-Squares.Economic Impact, Residential Property Values, Sports Facilities, Hedonic Model, Spatial Dependence, Spatial Hedonic Model
Stimulation of electro-olfactogram responses in the main olfactory epithelia by airflow depends on the type 3 adenylyl cyclase
Cilia of olfactory sensory neurons are the primary sensory organelles for olfaction. The detection of odorants by the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) depends on coupling of odorant receptors to the type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3) in olfactory cilia. We monitored the effect of airflow on electro-olfactogram (EOG) responses and found that the MOE of mice can sense mechanical forces generated by airflow. The airflow-sensitive EOG response in the MOE was attenuated when cAMP was increased by odorants or by forskolin suggesting a common mechanism for airflow and odorant detection. In addition, the sensitivity to airflow was significantly impaired in the MOE from AC3−/− mice. We conclude that AC3 in the MOE is required for detecting the mechanical force of airflow, which in turn may regulate odorant perception during sniffing
Coronal rain in magnetic arcades: Rebound shocks, Limit cycles, and Shear flows
We extend our earlier multidimensional, magnetohydrodynamic simulations of
coronal rain occurring in magnetic arcades with higher resolution,
grid-adaptive computations covering a much longer ( hour) timespan. We
quantify how in-situ forming blob-like condensations grow along and across
field lines and show that rain showers can occur in limit cycles, here
demonstrated for the first time in 2.5D setups. We discuss dynamical,
multi-dimensional aspects of the rebound shocks generated by the siphon inflows
and quantify the thermodynamics of a prominence-corona-transition-region like
structure surrounding the blobs. We point out the correlation between
condensation rates and the cross-sectional size of loop systems where
catastrophic cooling takes place. We also study the variations of the typical
number density, kinetic energy and temperature while blobs descend, impact and
sink into the transition region. In addition, we explain the mechanisms leading
to concurrent upflows while the blobs descend. As a result, there are plenty of
shear flows generated with relative velocity difference around 80 km s
in our simulations. These shear flows are siphon flows set up by multiple blob
dynamics and they in turn affect the deformation of the falling blobs. In
particular, we show how shear flows can break apart blobs into smaller
fragments, within minutes
Rheology of the gel formed in the California Mastitis Test
The California Mastitis Test has previously been adapted for use in an inline, cow-side sensor and relies on the fact that the viscosity of the gel formed during the test is proportional to the somatic cell concentration. In this paper, the use of capillary and rotational viscometry was compared in light of the expected rheology of the gel formed during the test. It was found that the gel is non-Newtonian, but the initial phase of viscosity increase was not due to shear dependence, but rather due to the gelation reaction. The maximum apparent viscosity of the gel was shear dependent while the time it took to reach the maximum was not truly shear dependent, but was rather dependent on the degree of mixing during gelation. This was confirmed by introducing a delay time prior to viscosity measurement, in both capillary and rotational viscometry. It was found that by mixing the reagent and infected milk, then delaying viscosity measurement for 30 s, shortened the time it took to reach maximum viscosity by more than 60 s. The maximum apparent viscosity, however, was unaffected. It was found that capillary viscometry worked well to correlate relative viscosity with somatic cell count, but that it was sensitive to the reagent concentration. It can therefore be deduced that the rheology of the gel is complicated not only by it being non-Newtonian, but also by the strong dependence on test conditions. These make designing a successful sensor much more challenging
Simulating coronal condensation dynamics in 3D
We present numerical simulations in 3D settings where coronal rain phenomena
take place in a magnetic configuration of a quadrupolar arcade system. Our
simulation is a magnetohydrodynamic simulation including anisotropic thermal
conduction, optically thin radiative losses, and parametrised heating as main
thermodynamical features to construct a realistic arcade configuration from
chromospheric to coronal heights. The plasma evaporation from chromospheric and
transition region heights eventually causes localised runaway condensation
events and we witness the formation of plasma blobs due to thermal instability,
that evolve dynamically in the heated arcade part and move gradually downwards
due to interchange type dynamics. Unlike earlier 2.5D simulations, in this case
there is no large scale prominence formation observed, but a continuous coronal
rain develops which shows clear indications of Rayleigh-Taylor or interchange
instability, that causes the denser plasma located above the transition region
to fall down, as the system moves towards a more stable state. Linear stability
analysis is used in the non-linear regime for gaining insight and giving a
prediction of the system's evolution. After the plasma blobs descend through
interchange, they follow the magnetic field topology more closely in the lower
coronal regions, where they are guided by the magnetic dips.Comment: 47 pages, 59 figure
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