Self-Activatin Process to Fabricate Activated Carbon from Kenaf

Self-activation takes advantage of the gases emitted from the pyrolysis process of biomass to activate the converted carbon, so that a high performance activated carbon is obtained. Kenaf fiber, one type of biomass, was self-activated into activated carbon. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area (SABET) of non-activation and self-activation pyrolyzed at 1100°C for 2 hours were analyzed and obtained as 252 m2/g and 1,280 m2/g, respectively, with 408% difference. The results showed that the highest SABET (1,616 m2/g) was achieved when a kenaf fiber was pyrolyzed at 1,000°C for 15 hours. A linear relationship was shown between the ln(SABET) and the yield of kenaf fiber based activated carbon through the self-activation process. The study also showed that a yield of 9.0% gave the highest surface area by gram kenaf fiber (80 m2 per gram kenaf fiber), and the yields between 7.2 – 13.8% produced a surface area per gram kenaf fiber that was higher than 95% of the maximum surface area by gram kenaf fiber

Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon Through Self-Activation Process

Self-activation is a process that takes advantage of the gases emitted from the pyrolysis process of biomass to activate the converted carbon. The pyrolytic gases from the biomass contain CO2 and H2O, which can be used as activating agents. As two common methods, both of physical activation using CO2 and chemical activation using ZnCl2 introduce additional gas (CO2) or chemical (ZnCl2), in which the CO2 emission from the activation process or the zinc compound removal by acid from the follow-up process will cause environmental concerns. In comparison with these conventional activation processes, the self-activation process could avoid the cost of activating agents and is more environmentally friendly, since the exhaust gases (CO and H2) can be used as fuel or feedstock for the further synthesis in methanol production. In this research, many types of biomass were successfully converted into activated carbon through the self-activation process. An activation model was developed to describe the changes of specific surface area and pore volume during the activation. The relationships between the activating temperature, dwelling time, yield, specific surface area, and specific pore volume were detailed investigated. The highest specific surface area and pore volume of the biomass-derived activated carbon through the self-activation process were up to 2738 m2 g-1 and 2.209 cm3 g-1, respectively. Moreover, the applications of the activated carbons from the self-activation process have been studied, including lithium-ion battery (LIB) manufacturing, water cleaning, oil absorption, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding

A review on the modeling and validation of biomass pyrolysis with a focus on product yield and composition

Article reviewing the modeling and verification of products derived from biomass pyrolysis and discussing the possible solutions towards more accurate modeling of biomass pyrolysis

Hualong Complex, South Qilian terrane: U-Pb and Lu-Hf constraints on Neoproterozoic micro-continental fragments accreted to the northern Proto-Tethyan margin

The Neoproterozoic Hualong Complex dominates the South Qilian terrane. It contains mafic to felsic magmatic rocks, cherts and turbiditic sediments, some of which have been metamorphosed to amphibolite grade and is traditionally regarded as a pre-Cambrian micro-continental block rifted from the South China plate. New U-Pb geochronology of morphologically complex zircons sheds light on the history of the complex. Garnet-bearing amphibolite and quartzite have detrital zircon U-Pb main peak ages of 1.47-1.78. Ga with youngest U-Pb ages of 967. Ma and 964. Ma. They are intruded by Neoproterozoic orthogneisses that crystallized between ca. 850 and 940. Ma. Psammitic paragneisses are dominated by 940-780. Ma detrital zircon populations with a youngest U-Pb weighted mean age of 721. ±. 3. Ma and a main peak at 906. Ma. Metamorphic overgrowths on older zircons record amphibolite facies metamorphism of the Hualong Complex and correspond to the emplacement of the younger plutonic rocks during the Early Paleozoic northward subduction of Proto-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. 426. Ma and 455. Ma detrital zircon populations that originated from synkinematic granitoids dominate quartz-mica schist. Negative to positive εHf(t) values for both 940-850Ma granitic orthogneisses and intruding 460-410Ma granites suggest a crustal-mantle mixture source. Hf TDM1 model ages and inherited zircon U-Pb ages are the same as those for garnet-bearing amphibolites and psammitic gneiss indicating that late magmatic rocks were formed by melting of the accreted Neoproterozoic rocks

Porositization Process of Carbon or Carbonaceous Materials

Patent relating to porositized carbon processed from carbon or carbonaceous materials

Effect of overliming and activated carbon detoxification on inhibitors removal and butanol fermentation of poplar prehydrolysates

Abstract Background Biomass prehydrolysates from dilute acid pretreatment contain a considerable amount of fermentable sugars for biofuels production. However, carbonyl degradation compounds present severe toxicity to fermentation microbes. Furans (such as furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural), aliphatic acids (such as acetic acid, formic acid and levulinic acid) and phenolic compounds (such as vanillin and syringaldehyde) have been suggested to be the main inhibitors in biomass prehydrolysates. However, no single compound has been determined as the dominant toxic inhibitor. The effects of various detoxification methods on inhibitors removal have not been fully understood. Results The effects of overliming and activated carbon (AC) detoxification on the removal of inhibitors and butanol fermentation of the poplar prehydrolysates were investigated. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify and quantify 46 carbonyl compounds as potential inhibitors. It was observed that overliming and AC treatment alone did not make the prehydrolysates fermentable with Clostridium saccharobutylicum. The sequential overliming and AC resulted in a remarkable fermentability and a high butanol yield at 0.22 g g−1 sugar. The inhibitor removal in the prehydrolysates treated by overliming and AC was also examined by GC/MS. Overliming removed 75.6% of furan derivatives and 68.1% of aromatic monomers. In comparison, AC (5.0% w/v) removed 77.9% of furan derivatives and 98.6% of aromatic monomers. In addition, overliming removed much more 2,5-furandicarboxyaldehyde, 5-ethylfuran-2-carbaldehyde and 2,5-hexanedione than AC did. On the contrary, AC could remove considerably more phenolic acids than overliming. In the sequential detoxification, both dialdehydes/diketones and phenolic acids were extensively removed. This could be the main reason why the sequential detoxification enabled a remarkable ABE fermentation for the prehydrolysates. Conclusions This study indicated that the effect of overliming and AC treatment on inhibitors removal was related to their chemical structures. Overliming removed more dialdehydes and diketones than AC treatment, while AC removed more phenolic acids than overliming. Sequential overliming and AC treatment were required to make the prehydrolysates fermentable with C. saccharobutylicum. The study also suggested different detoxification method was needed for ABE fermentation of the prehydrolysate as compared to ethanol fermentation

Lithium battery parameter identification and SOC estimation based on dual-polarized model

An equivalent circuit model of dual polarization (DP) of lithium battery was established according to the application characteristics of lithium battery under the standby condition of 5G base station. On the basis of the model, recursive least square method with forgetting factor (RLS) was used to identify the model parameters. Finally, the Unscented Kalman filtering (UKF) was used to estimate the SOC of lithium battery in real time with the identified model parameters. The simulation and experimental results showed that the combined estimation using recursive least square method with forgetting factor (RLS) and UKF could greatly improve the estimation accuracy of lithium battery SOC, reduce the estimation error, and further verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the whole modeling