A European Approach to Space Security

Working Pape

from new space to big space how commercial space dream is becoming a reality

Abstract New space is a misleading expression. Many new trends steer the evolution of space activities. Development of commercial space, with start-ups and space ventures, is one of the most visible trends in space. Stimulated by the first initiatives related to space tourism, access to space and the growing use of small satellites, space activities have attracted new entrepreneurs, both start-ups and big web actors with substantial investment capacity. This revolution started in the Silicon Valley and spread worldwide. Start-ups have attracted around $21.8 billion of investment from 2000 to 2018. It is far below the annual institutional budgets but the pace gained momentum since 2006 and specially 2012. Between teenage crisis and age of reason, New space is now old: the first start-ups shall confirm their promises, while new players pop up and try to find their way. It shakes the legacy players but they demonstrate resilience and adaptation capacity. It is now the right time to take stock of the first lessons learnt. Start-ups disrupt the established industry? Instead of a simplistic shortcut, this paper reports an "organisational ecology" study. With a deliberate industrial viewpoint, its ambition is to help understanding complex evolutions in the space ecosystem. The first part of the paper introduces the current ecosystem, its actors, the key trends and the main types of activities. Through facts and figures on technology, investments and markets, the second part reviews how "new space" trends is preparing the advent of big space. The third part summarises lessons from other industries and typical disruption scenarios that could affect space activities. The drivers of New space are discussed in section four. The last part is a foresight exercise, discussing possible evolutions and impacts, threats and opportunities. The decisive role of institutional actors and the « new New space » with more and more space-faring nations is also highlighted. Something big is happening in space. While it is too early to depict the new landscape, this study shows that the future picture will not be black and white but more colourful. The size and the age of the company are less important than agility, mindset, ability to manage risks and to cooperate. A big vision for the future, from entrepreneurs or from nations, is also needed

towards disruptions in earth observation new earth observation systems and markets evolution possible scenarios and impacts

Abstract This paper reviews the trends in Earth observation (EO) and the possible impacts on markets of the new initiatives, launched either by existing providers of EO data or by new players, privately funded. After a presentation of the existing models, the paper discusses the new approaches, addressing both commercial and institutional markets. New concepts for the very high resolution markets, in Europe and in the US, are the main focus of this analysis. Two complementary perspectives are summarised: on the one hand, the type of system and its operational performance and, on the other, the related business models, concepts of operation and ownership schemes. Until now, Earth observation systems for the most critical institutional needs are mainly dedicated assets owned and operated by governments or public organisations, often at national level. Even in the case of dual use missions, the governmental and commercial operations are in general fully segregated for the very high resolution satellites. Recent evolutions could affect this paradigm. Firstly, the increased performance of commercial satellites has a high degree of convergence with defence needs: 25–30 cm resolution is now the benchmark or at least a very short term target for commercial missions. The second evolution is the development of hybrid procurement schemes, combining proprietary missions and data buy framework contracts, partly triggered by the budgetary constraints of public customers, some failures in the execution of large spy satellites contracts and by the willingness to foster the competitiveness of industry on the export market. New space is another trend, which is more disruptive. This trend begun in the Silicon Valley and spread worldwide, arousing our expectations, sometimes excessively. This new model involves not only start-ups but also big web actors with substantial investment capacity. Both aim to transforming space into a commodity, taking benefit from the convergence between Information technology and EO. Beside the massive constellations for broadband Internet access, some initiatives have been launched for Earth observation markets, targeting high resolution and high revisit. Last but not least, more and more countries, the newcomers, invest in their own EO capacity, confirming the soft power dimension of space but also opening new opportunities for international or regional cooperation. As many unpredictable events may occur, even in a short time frame, the last part of the paper has a prospective dimension. Based on market trends and industrial stakes, it discusses the realism and likelihood of possible scenarios and identifies their impacts on the EO landscape and the main stakeholders involved, in particular in Europe: – The governmental and institutional actors, using Earth observation data for their operational missions, with an evolving balance between sovereign assets and external services. – The commercial operators of very high resolution satellites, with the new market opportunities and the possible emergence of worldwide champions. – The satellite manufacturers and their competitiveness. – The role of nations and space agencies, including the non-dependence or national sovereignty and international cooperation dimensions. Based on the comparison of three "radical" scenarios, the conclusion shows that there are opportunities for service providers and satellite manufacturers. Even without clear answer to the future industrial, technical and political structure of EO systems, relevant indicators to be monitored during the next three-five years are identified. The last section focuses on Europe and the role of institutions in order to support European champions and small and medium companies in the new worldwide competition

Tetrastatin, the NC1 Domain of the α4(IV) Collagen Chain: A Novel Potent Anti-Tumor Matrikine

BACKGROUND: NC1 domains from α1, α2, α3 and α6(IV) collagen chains were shown to exert anti-tumor or anti-angiogenic activities, whereas the NC1 domain of the α4(IV) chain did not show such activities so far. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We demonstrate in the present paper that the NC1 α4(IV) domain exerts a potent anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in an experimental human melanoma model in vivo. The overexpression of NC1 α4(IV) in human UACC-903 melanoma cells strongly inhibited their in vitro proliferative (-38%) and invasive (-52%) properties. MT1-MMP activation was largely decreased and its cellular distribution was modified, resulting in a loss of expression at the migration front associated with a loss of migratory phenotype. In an in vivo xenograft model in athymic nude mice, the subcutaneous injection of NC1 α4(IV)-overexpressing melanoma cells induced significantly smaller tumors (-80% tumor volume) than the Mock cells, due to a strong inhibition of tumor growth. Exogenously added recombinant human NC1 α4(IV) reproduced the inhibitory effects of NC1 α4(IV) overexpression in UACC-903 cells but not in dermal fibroblasts. An anti-αvβ3 integrin blocking antibody inhibited cell adhesion on recombinant human NC1 α4(IV) substratum. The involvement of αvβ3 integrin in mediating NC1 α4(IV) effect was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assays showing that recombinant human NC1 α4(IV) binds to αvβ3 integrin (K(D) = 148 ± 9.54 nM). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Collectively, our results demonstrate that the NC1 α4(IV) domain, named tetrastatin, is a new endogenous anti-tumor matrikine

The space policy crisis in the United Space

For some years, space programs have been going through a period of uncertainty involving the beliefs and the functioning that have always underpinned this activity being called into question. The value of the major programs, the role of the space agencies as well as the relationships between the public and the industrial sector have been progressively affected by the necessity to redefine the orientations of space initiatives and to adapt a new discourse to this area. This is particularly true in the United States where the intensity of the effort to adapt is related to the enormous amount of past investment in space, both politically and financially. The way the U.S. space community has been speaking about itself and its problems has accentuated this feeling by describing the present situation as “abnormal” as opposed to what it views as “normal” situation during the sixties. This article suggests that, beyond purely programmatic debates, the positions and strategies analysed are also expressing the difficulties experienced by a specific community in finding a role and an identity in the very same new “space policy” it is trying to promote.Depuis quelques années, les programmes spatiaux traversent une période d'incertitudes qui se traduit par une remise en question des croyances et des modes de fonctionnement propres à cette activité. L'intérêt des grands programmes, le rôle des agences ou les rapports entre pouvoirs publics et industries se trouvent progressivement touchés par la nécessité de redéfinirles grands axes de l'effort spatial et de construire un discours adapté. Ce fait est particulièrement net aux États-Unis où l'effort d'adaptation à entreprendre est à la mesure de l'importance des investissements passés, politiques et budgétaires. L'analyse du discours que la communauté spatiale tient sur elle-même outre-Atlantique montre l'amplification de cette perception en décrivant une situation actuelle jugée comme « anormale », bien éloignée de la situation « normale » des années soixante. Cet article se propose de montrer que le discours et les statégies de la communauté concernée expriment aussi ses difficultés propres à trouver une place et une identité dans la nouvelle « politique spatiale » qu'elle appelle pourtant de ses vœux

Hémorragies méningées graves par rupture d'anévrysme (prise en charge endovasculaire à propos d'une série rétrospective de 28 cas au C.H.U. d'Angers)

ANGERS-BU Médecine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Magnetic Barkhausen noise from strain-induced martensite during low cycle fatigue of 304L austenitic stainless steel

International audienceThe magnetic Barkhausen noise from strain induced a'-martensite is investigated during low cycle fatigue (LCF) of 304L steel. The influence of cold-rolling prior to fatigue is also examined. Both cold rolling and LCF induce a'-martensite that is characterised by a high field Barkhausen peak, clearly distinguishable from the d ferrite peak. For the same volume fraction of a'-martensite, the Barkhausen activity is more intense for martensite induced by cold-rolling than for martensite induced by LCF. For LCF, the intensity of the peak varies tremendously along a s = f(e) loop, being enhanced in the tension part of the loop and strongly decreased in the compression part. Neither the applied stress nor the plastic strain controls the Barkhausen activity alone. A composite model is used to estimate the variation of the internal stress of type II within the martensite phase. It is concluded that the Barkhausen activity is controlled by this internal stress

Effets biologiques de peptides des collagènes I et IV

Divers processus biologiques, comme la différenciation cellulaire, la migration cellulaire ou l’expression des gènes, sont contrôlés par des interactions cellule - cellule ou par des cytokines, mais aussi par des interactions entre cellules et matrice extracellulaire. La régulation de ces processus implique une protéolyse limitée et dirigée des macromolécules matricielles, induisant la libération de domaines protéiques et de peptides dotés d’activités biologiques. Dans cette revue, nous résumons des résultats de notre laboratoire montrant que des peptides des collagènes de types I et IV jouent un rôle important dans la régulation de l'inflammation et de la progression tumorale. Des peptides du collagène I stimulent l’explosion respiratoire, l’exocytose des granules cytoplasmiques et la sécrétion de cytokines par des leucocytes humains (neutrophiles polynucléaires et monocytes), pour la détersion des sites inflammatoires et ensuite pour attirer divers types de cellules nécessaires à la cicatrisation. Un peptide du domaine NCI de la chaîne α3(IV) du collagène IV empêche l’activation des leucocytes. De plus, ce peptide est capable de limiter la progression tumorale en diminuant les propriétés invasives in vitro et in vivo de cellules de mélanome