Anisotropic scattering and quantum magnetoresistivities of a periodically modulated 2D electron gas

We calculate the longitudinal conductivities of a two-dimensional noninteracting electron gas in a uniform magnetic field and a lateral electric or magnetic periodic modulation in one spatial direction, in the quantum regime. We consider the effects of the electron-impurity scattering anisotropy through the vertex corrections on the Kubo formula, which are calculated with the Bethe-Salpeter equation, in the self-consistent Born approximation. We find that due to the scattering anisotropy the band conductivity increases, and the scattering conductivities decrease and become anisotropic. Our results are in qualitative agreement with recent experiments.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, Revtex, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Effects of the field modulation on the Hofstadter's spectrum

We study the effect of spatially modulated magnetic fields on the energy spectrum of a two-dimensional (2D) Bloch electron. Taking into account four kinds of modulated fields and using the method of direct diagonalization of the Hamiltonian matrix, we calculate energy spectra with varying system parameters (i.e., the kind of the modulation, the relative strength of the modulated field to the uniform background field, and the period of the modulation) to elucidate that the energy band structure sensitively depends on such parameters: Inclusion of spatially modulated fields into a uniform field leads occurrence of gap opening, gap closing, band crossing, and band broadening, resulting distinctive energy band structure from the Hofstadter's spectrum. We also discuss the effect of the field modulation on the symmetries appeared in the Hofstadter's spectrum in detail.Comment: 7 pages (in two-column), 10 figures (including 2 tables

A new, efficient, and inexpensive copper(II)/salicylic acid complex catalyzed Sonogashira-type cross-coupling of haloarenes and iodoheteroarenes with terminal alkynes

A new, efficient, and inexpensive CuCl(2)/salicylic acid catalytic system has been developed to catalyze Sonogashira-type cross-coupling of haloarenes and iodoheteroarenes with terminal alkynes under mild reaction conditions to afford the corresponding coupling products in 18-95% yields. The role of salicylic acid might act as a bidentate O,O-donor ligand to activate the catalytic reactivity of copper chloride in coupling reactions was also briefly discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Modelagem do desenvolvimento de trigo considerando diferentes temperaturas cardinais e métodos de cálculo da função de resposta à temperatura Modeling wheat development considering different cardinal temperatures and methods for the temperature response function calculation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi melhorar a estimativa dos estádios de desenvolvimento de genótipos brasileiros de trigo (Triticum aestivum) realizada por meio do modelo WE-Streck. Foram avaliadas diferentes combinações de temperaturas cardinais e métodos de cálculo da função de resposta à temperatura. Dados referentes às datas da emergência, da emissão da espigueta terminal, da antese e da maturidade fisiológica de seis genótipos brasileiros de trigo semeados em 11 datas ao longo de três anos (2005, 2006 e 2007) em Santa Maria, RS, foram usados para estimar os coeficientes do modelo WE-Streck modificado e testar as diferentes combinações de temperaturas cardinais e métodos de cálculo da função de resposta à temperatura. Para os genótipos BRS Louro, BRS 177, CEP 51, CEP 52 e Nova Era, a simulação do desenvolvimento com o modelo de WE-Streck é melhor quando são usados maiores valores de temperaturas cardinais ótima e máxima, em comparação às usadas originalmente no modelo. Para o genótipo BRS Tarumã, devem ser utilizadas as temperaturas cardinais do modelo WE-Streck original. É recomendável usar as temperaturas mínimas e máximas diárias para calcular a função de resposta à temperatura quando o modelo WE-Streck for usado para simulação do desenvolvimento de genótipos brasileiros de trigo.<br>The objective of this work was to improve the prediction of developmental stages of Brazilian wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes made using the WE-Streck model. Different combinations of cardinal temperatures and methods of calculating the temperature response function were evaluated. Data regarding the dates of emergence, terminal spikelet, anthesis, and physiological maturity of six Brazilian wheat genotypes sown on 11 dates during three years (2005, 2006, and 2007) at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, were used to estimate the WE-Streck model coefficients and to evaluate the different combinations of cardinal temperatures and methods for calculating the temperature response function. For the genotypes BRS Louro, BRS 177, CEP 51, CEP 52, and Nova Era, the simulation of the development with the WE-Streck model is better with higher values of optimum and maximum cardinal temperatures compared to those originally used in the model. For the genotype BRS Tarumã, the cardinal temperatures from the original version of the WE-Streck model should be used. It is recommended that the minimum and maximum daily temperatures be used to calculate the temperature response function when the WE-Streck model is selected for simulating the development of Brazilian wheat genotypes

Métodos de soma térmica e datas de semeadura na determinação de filocrono de cultivares de trigo Thermal time methods and sowing dates in phyllochron determination in wheat cultivars

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos métodos de cálculo de graus-dia e de datas de semeadura na determinação do filocrono de cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum). Foi conduzido um experimento em campo, com 13 datas de semeadura, durante três anos (2005-2007), em Santa Maria, RS, usando-se seis cultivares de trigo: BRS Louro, CEP 52, CEP 51, BRS 177, Nova Era e BRS Tarumã. O filocrono (°C dia folha-1) foi estimado pelo inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear entre o estádio de Haun e a soma térmica acumulada calculada por seis métodos. O método de cálculo da soma térmica afeta as estimativas do filocrono em trigo.O uso das três temperaturas cardinais de emissão de folhas e a comparação das temperaturas cardinais com a temperatura mínima e máxima do ar melhora a precisão na simulação do desenvolvimento vegetativo dessa cultura, em comparação aos demais métodos. O filocrono varia com a cultivar de trigo e com a data de semeadura, e cultivares mais precoces (BRS Louro e CEP 51) têm menor filocrono do que cultivares tardias (Nova Era e BRS Tarumã). Em semeaduras no outono ou inverno, o filocrono é maior do que em semeaduras de primavera ou verão.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of degree-days and sowing dates calculation methods on phyllochron determination in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. A three-year field experiment with 13 sowing dates was conducted for three years (2005-2007) in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, using six wheat cultivars: BRS Louro, CEP 52, CEP 51, BRS 177, Nova Era and BRS Tarumã. The phyllochron (°C day leaf-1) was estimated by the inverse of the slope of the linear regression of the Haun stage against the accumulated thermal time calculated using six methods. The thermal time calculation method affects wheat phyllochron estimates. The use of the three cardinal temperatures for leaf emission and cardinal temperatures compared to the minimum and maximum air temperatures improves the precision of the vegetative development simulation of this crop, in comparison to the other methods. The phyllochron varies with wheat cultivar and sowing date, and early cultivars (BRS Louro and CEP 51) have lower phyllochron than late cultivars (Nova Era and BRS Tarumã). The phyllochron is greater in sowings carried out during fall and winter than in the ones carried out during spring and summer

Charting the development of social and cultural geography in Mainland China: Voices from the inside

This article provides an overview of the recent development of social and cultural geography in China. It discusses six major bodies of work: cultural areas, cultural diffusion and cultural integration; geographies of ethnic cultures; cultural landscape and cultural economy; place and place-based cultural politics; marginal social groups; and geographies of social injustice. Although social and cultural geography is still located on the periphery of the disciplinary landscape of Chinese human geography, it is nonetheless developing into a noteworthy field of research. We start this review by calling attention to some problems in epistemologies and analytical approaches. Social and cultural geography in China often suffers from an analytical separation between environment and culture as ontologically enclosed entities. Also, it pays insufficient attention to the mutually constitutive relations between the social and the spatial. However, more recent studies have begun to engage with constructionist/poststructuralist approaches, and develop less positivist interpretations of space, social relations and cultural meanings. This review suggests that social and cultural geography in China needs to develop broader research scopes and strengthen theoretical frameworks. It concludes by calling for constructive dialogues between Chinese and Western human geographical scholarships. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.Link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Data quality control system and long-term performance monitor of the LHAASO-KM2A

International audienceThe KM2A is the largest sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). It consists of 5216 electromagnetic particle detectors (EDs) and 1188 muon detectors (MDs). The data recorded by the EDs and MDs are used to reconstruct primary information of cosmic ray and gamma-ray showers. This information is used for physical analysis in gamma-ray astronomy and cosmic ray physics. To ensure the reliability of the LHAASO-KM2A data, a three-level quality control system has been established. It is used to monitor the status of detector units, stability of reconstructed parameters and the performance of the array based on observations of the Crab Nebula and Moon shadow. This paper will introduce the control system and its application on the LHAASO-KM2A data collected from August 2021 to July 2023. During this period, the pointing and angular resolution of the array were stable. From the observations of the Moon shadow and Crab Nebula, the results achieved using the two methods are consistent with each other. According to the observation of the Crab Nebula at energies from 25 TeV to 100 TeV, the time averaged pointing errors are estimated to be $-0.003^{\circ} \pm 0.005^{\circ}$ and $0.001^{\circ} \pm 0.006^{\circ}$ in the R.A. and Dec directions, respectively

Stringent Tests of Lorentz Invariance Violation from LHAASO Observations of GRB 221009A

International audienceVery recently, the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) reported the observation of the very early TeV afterglow of the brightest-of-all-time GRB 221009A, recording the highest photon statistics in the TeV band ever from a gamma-ray burst. We use this unique observation to place stringent constraints on an energy dependence of the speed of light in vacuum, a manifestation of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) predicted by some quantum gravity (QG) theories. Our results show that the 95% confidence level lower limits on the QG energy scales are $E_{\mathrm{QG},1}>10$ times of the Planck energy $E_\mathrm{Pl}$ for the linear, and $E_{\mathrm{QG},2}>6\times10^{-8}E_\mathrm{Pl}$ for the quadratic LIV effects, respectively. Our limits on the quadratic LIV case improve previous best bounds by factors of 5--7