Electromagnetic radiation of baryons containing two heavy quarks

The two heavy quarks in a baryon which contains two heavy quarks and a light one, can constitute a scalar or axial vector diquark. We study electromagnetic radiations of such baryons, (i) \Xi_{(bc)_1} -> \Xi_{(bc)_0}+\gamma, (ii) \Xi_{(bc)_1}^* -> \Xi_{(bc)_0}+\gamma, (iii) \Xi_{(bc)_0}^{**}(1/2, l=1) -> \Xi_{(bc)_0}+\gamma, (iv) \Xi_{(bc)_0}^{**}(3/2, l=1) -> \Xi_{(bc)_0}+\gamma and (v) \Xi_{(bc)_0}^{**}(3/2, l=2) -> \Xi_{(bc)_0}+\gamma, where \Xi_{(bc)_{0(1)}}, \Xi^*_{(bc)_1} are S-wave bound states of a heavy scalar or axial vector diquark and a light quark, and \Xi_{(bc)_0}^{**}(l is bigger than 1) are P- or D-wave bound states of a heavy scalar diquark and a light quark. Analysis indicates that these processes can be attributed into two categories and the physical mechanisms which are responsible for them are completely distinct. Measurements can provide a good judgment for the diquark structure and better understanding of the physical picture.Comment: 15 pages, Late

Industrial Water Management Policy Comparative Analysis & Comparison of Water Pricing

This study contributes comparative analysis and comparison of current water policy  in the industrial sector. Current water policies fail to adequately address water use and pricing issue. This study concentrates on industry perspective questionnaires method; next we calculate water use in the industry during specific year plan from 1988 to 2013.Understanding the interactions of industry & water policies is crucial for achieving efficient management of water resources.  Increasing population and economic growth continue to drive industries demand water resources. The interaction of these resources is particularly important in a textile sector where water resources are unevenly distributed, with limited availability in specific regions. The “3 Red Lines” water policies were introduced in 2011; one of their aims is to reduce industrial water use. Water is currently not valued correctly by stakeholders; this is a major problem in itself and contributes to misuse. This paper analyses current water withdrawals and consumption for China, Japan, Bangladesh, UK, USA and assesses the water pricing with the industrial water policy under different scenarios, considering potential future policy. It is therefore, an imperative for policy makers to coordinate their activities in such a way that adequate supply of water is provided and efficient use of it is made and to respond quickly and timely to the structural changes of the economy and to prevent a water crisis in the country. The purpose of this paper is to undertake a in the industry in order to understand this potential policy conflict. The paper aims to illustrate appropriate policy direction and management practices. Keywords: Industry, textile industry, water management policy, water pricing, water conservation, water demand

Methyl (R)-2-(2-chloro­phen­yl)-2-(3-nitro­phenyl­sulfon­yloxy)acetate

The reaction between methyl (R)-2-(2-chloro­phen­yl)-2-hy­droxy­acetate and 3-nitro­benzene­sulfonyl chloride gave the title compound, C15H12ClNO7S, which is a promising inter­mediate for the synthesis of Clopidrogel, an anti­platelet drug used in the prevention of strokes and heart attacks. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked through C—H⋯O interactions, and there is also a short Cl⋯O contact present [Cl⋯O = 3.018 (2) Å]

Sialyltransferase Inhibition and Recent Advances

Sialic acids, existing as terminal sugars of glycoconjugates, play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, such as cell–cell adhesion, immune defense, tumor cell metastasis, and inflammation. Sialyltransferases (STs) catalyze the transfer of sialic acid residues to non-reducing oligosaccharide chains of proteins and lipids, using cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) as the donor. Elevated sialyltransferase activity leads to overexpression of cell surface sialic acids and contributes to many disease developments, such as cancer and inflammation. Therefore, sialyltransferases are considered as potential drug targets for disease treatment. Inhibitors of sialyltransferases thus are of medicinal interest, especially for the cancer therapy. In addition, sialyltransferase inhibitors are useful tool to study sialyltransferase function and related mechanisms. This review highlights recent development of inhibitors of sialyltransferases reported since 2004. The inhibitors are summarized as eight groups: 1) sialic acid analogs, 2) CMP-sialic acid analogs, 3) cytidine analogs, 4) oligosaccharide derivatives, 5) aromatic compounds, 6) flavonoids, 7) lithocholic acid analogs, and 8) others. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological Enzymology and Protein Functions

Sialyltransferase Inhibition and Recent Advances

Sialic acids, existing as terminal sugars of glycoconjugates, play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, such as cell–cell adhesion, immune defense, tumor cell metastasis, and inflammation. Sialyltransferases (STs) catalyze the transfer of sialic acid residues to non-reducing oligosaccharide chains of proteins and lipids, using cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) as the donor. Elevated sialyltransferase activity leads to overexpression of cell surface sialic acids and contributes to many disease developments, such as cancer and inflammation. Therefore, sialyltransferases are considered as potential drug targets for disease treatment. Inhibitors of sialyltransferases thus are of medicinal interest, especially for the cancer therapy. In addition, sialyltransferase inhibitors are useful tool to study sialyltransferase function and related mechanisms. This review highlights recent development of inhibitors of sialyltransferases reported since 2004. The inhibitors are summarized as eight groups: 1) sialic acid analogs, 2) CMP-sialic acid analogs, 3) cytidine analogs, 4) oligosaccharide derivatives, 5) aromatic compounds, 6) flavonoids, 7) lithocholic acid analogs, and 8) others. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological Enzymology and Protein Functions

X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing 4 (XRCC4) Genetic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and the Liver Toxicity of AFB1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Our previous reports have shown that the genetic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (GSNPs) in the DNA repair gene X-ray repair cross complementing 4 (XRCC4) are involved in the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). However, the effects of GSNPs in the coding regions of XRCC4 on hepatic toxicity of AFB1 have been less investigated. We conducted a hospital-based clinic tissue samples with pathologically diagnosed HCC (n = 380) in a high AFB1 exposure area to explore the possible roles of GSNPs in the coding regions of XRCC4 in AFB1-induced HCC using liver toxicity assays. A total of 143 GSNPs were included in the present study and genotyped using the SNaPshot method, whereas the liver toxicity of AFB1 was evaluated using AFB1-DNA adducts in the tissues with HCC. In the clinicopathological samples with HCC, the average adduct amount is 2.27 ± 1.09 μmol/mol DNA. Among 143 GSNPs of XRCC4, only rs1237462915, rs28383151, rs762419679, rs766287987, and rs3734091 significantly increased the levels of AFB1-DNA adducts. Furthermore, XRCC4 GSNPs (including rs28383151, rs766287987, and rs3734091) also increased cumulative hazard for patients with HCC. These results suggest that the liver toxicity of AFB1 may be modified by XRCC4 GSNPs