A Phase Equilibrium Model for Gas Hydrates Considering Pore-Size Distribution of Sediments

The phase equilibrium condition for gas hydrates has been an important and difficult subject in gas hydrate-related research. In this paper, the mechanism of the effect of pore-size distribution on the phase equilibrium is first explored and the concept of effective pore radius is proposed. Using information on the pore-size distribution of sediments, a relationship between hydrate saturation and effective pore radius is developed. Combined with the van der Waals-Platteeuw model, this relationship was then used to develop a new phase equilibrium model for gas hydrates in sediments, which can properly account for the effect of pore-size distribution. In contrast to the traditional models, this new model does not represent a curve on the p-T plane but instead addresses the relationship between the temperature, pressure, and hydrate saturation. Such a feature allows the new model to take into account the effect of pore-size distribution on the phase equilibrium while treating the formation and/or dissolution processes of gas hydrates in pores more realistically. The simulated results were compared with the experimental data available in literature showing that the new model gives better results compared with the other traditional models. Given the temperature and the pore pressure, the hydrate saturation can be determined using the proposed model. Therefore, the new model can be used to estimate the amount of hydrate resources in the field

Vulnerability of Eco-Hydrological Environment in the Yellow River Delta Wetland

We investigated the relationship between groundwater head and oceanic tidal fluctuations in the Yellow River Delta wetland through on-site hydrological monitoring. Shallow groundwater heads were obviously affected by oceanic tide along the coastal zone. The ranges of the wetland zone can be readily assessed by measuring fluctuation amplitudes or lags. The results show that the influence radius is approximately 12 km to 18 km (when the correlation coefficient is 0.7 to 0.8) under the joint actions of oceanic tide and shallow groundwater seepage flow in clayey silt coastal wetland. A cross-sectional sketch of the coastal wetland model is developed based on monitoring data of groundwater and oceanic tidal fluctuations to study the vulnerability of the eco-hydrological environment in the Yellow River Delta wetland. The coastal wetland consists of three zones (the groundwater seepage zone, the tidal-induced transitional zone, and the tidal zone) with distinctly different hydraulic properties. Analytical solutions are used to estimate the vulnerability of the ecohydrological environment in the wetland aquifer located in the NE part of the Yellow River Delta wetland, Shandong Province, China. Our results show that changes in the shallow groundwater quality of the wetland are significantly affected by natural factors, such as strong cutoff in the lower reaches, storm tides, and human engineering activities. The northern coastal wetland may be submerged without damp proof when the height of a storm tide reaches 2.4 m. The depth of shallow groundwater and the salinity gradient are key factors that contribute to the vulnerability of the ecological environment. The vulnerability of the eco-hydrological environment is derived from the joint actions of groundwater dynamics, hydrochemistry, and tidal-induced processes under sedimentary stress and water pressure.We investigated the relationship between groundwater head and oceanic tidal fluctuations in the Yellow River Delta wetland through on-site hydrological monitoring. Shallow groundwater heads were obviously affected by oceanic tide along the coastal zone. The ranges of the wetland zone can be readily assessed by measuring fluctuation amplitudes or lags. The results show that the influence radius is approximately 12 km to 18 km (when the correlation coefficient is 0.7 to 0.8) under the joint actions of oceanic tide and shallow groundwater seepage flow in clayey silt coastal wetland. A cross-sectional sketch of the coastal wetland model is developed based on monitoring data of groundwater and oceanic tidal fluctuations to study the vulnerability of the eco-hydrological environment in the Yellow River Delta wetland. The coastal wetland consists of three zones (the groundwater seepage zone, the tidal-induced transitional zone, and the tidal zone) with distinctly different hydraulic properties. Analytical solutions are used to estimate the vulnerability of the ecohydrological environment in the wetland aquifer located in the NE part of the Yellow River Delta wetland, Shandong Province, China. Our results show that changes in the shallow groundwater quality of the wetland are significantly affected by natural factors, such as strong cutoff in the lower reaches, storm tides, and human engineering activities. The northern coastal wetland may be submerged without damp proof when the height of a storm tide reaches 2.4 m. The depth of shallow groundwater and the salinity gradient are key factors that contribute to the vulnerability of the ecological environment. The vulnerability of the eco-hydrological environment is derived from the joint actions of groundwater dynamics, hydrochemistry, and tidal-induced processes under sedimentary stress and water pressure

Microstructural evolution and formation of nanocrystalline intermetallic compound during surface mechanical attrition treatment of cobalt

Nanocrystalline intermetallic Co3Fe7 was produced on the surface of cobalt via surface mechanical attrition (SMA). Deformationinduced diffusion entailed the formation of a series of solid solutions. Phase transitions occurred depending on the atomic fraction of Fe in the surface solid solutions: from hexagonal close-packed (11% Fe). Nanoscale compositional probing suggested significantly higher Fe contents at grain boundaries and triple junctions than grain interiors. Short-circuit diffusion along grain boundaries and triple junctions dominate in the nanocrystalline intermetallic compound. Stacking faults contribute significantly to diffusion. Diffusion enhancement due to high-rate deformation in SMA was analyzed by regarding dislocations as solute-pumping channels, and the creation of excess vacancies. Non-equilibrium, atomic level alloying can then be ascribed to deformation-induced intermixing of constituent species. The formation mechanism of nanocrystalline intermetallic grains on the SMA surface can be thought of as a consequence of numerous nucleation events and limited growth. (C) 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

An Improved Optimization Method to Increase the Truck Planning Efficiency of Landside Air Cargo

Congestion in the landside air cargo supply chain occurs for different concurring reasons. Lack of coordination between freight forwarders, as example, might create truck congestion on the ground handler side. Horizontal collaboration between forwarders can be introduced and modeled via mathematical programming to mitigate congestion. Resulting models, which are generally variations of Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows (PDPTW), can be solved to optimality only for small-size instances, and the computation is generally time consuming. We therefore propose a simulated annealing (SA)-embedded adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) heuristic to address truck route planning in the landside air cargo supply chain. In this work, we allow the search to visit infeasible time-dependent solutions. Accordingly, the objective function minimizes the feasible solution, where total travel distance cost, total travel time cost and unassigned shipments cost, and the time-dependent violation costs. Computational results are reported for 10 instances that were also solved with a mathematical programming approach. Results shows that the meta-heuristic method performs equally or better than the mathematical model given a computational limit for the latter of 2 hours. In addition, the meta-heuristic method was able to find a feasible solution for those cases where the exact model failed to identify a feasible solution.Transport, Infrastructure and Logistic

Risk evaluation model of life loss caused by dam-break flood and its application

The internal mechanism affecting life loss caused by a dam-break flood is complicated. On the basis of analyzing the risk formation path, a risk evaluation indicator system was established which included the hazards, exposure and vulnerability factors. Variable Fuzzy Sets theory was introduced into the risk evaluation of life loss risk grades and applied to eight collapsed dams in China. According to the sequence of the risk grades of these dams, the evaluation result was mainly consistent with the actual mortality ranking sequence, showing that the model could be effectively applied to the risk evaluation of life loss in dam-break events. Aimed at the problem of large differences in the downstream population distribution of dams in China, this manuscript suggested that 10,000 people should be the basis for the grouping operation of dams in the risk evaluation. These Variable Fuzzy evaluation models and grouping suggestions could help stakeholders to allocate the funds for dam reinforcement more accurately and provide a scientific basis for the study of dam-break life loss and dam risk management.Safety and Security Scienc

[[alternative]]A Biological Study of the Genus Pilobolus in Taiwan

[[abstract]]Pilobolus (Tode, 1784) is a common group of coprophilous fungi which habitat on herbivorous faeces, and as a member of Pilobolaceae in the Order of Mucorales. Although the morphological and taxonomic studies of Pilobolus in Taiwan has been reported since 1972, but there hasn't been completely record. Furthermore, there have never been ecological and physiological studies in Taiwan. I collected herbivorous faeces from several sampling sites including Taipei Zoo and Keng Ting etc. in Taiwan and obtained 16 strains. Totally, four species are successfully examined and identified. They are namely: Pilobolus crystallinus Tode, Pilobolus sphaerosporus Palla, Pilobolus umbonatus Buller and Pilobolus comutus Wu & Chien. Pilobolus umbonatus is a new record in Taiwan and Pilobolus comutus is a new species. During my experimental study, isolation, cultivation and examination were proceeded over 30 days. The result indicated that the highest number of sporangia discharge was sika deer dung collected in Taipei Zoo, the highest appearance of frequency is sika deer's, and the lowest is hare's in Keng Ting. Above two criteria, the earliest of the date of climax is muntjac feaces within 3 days, the longest is hare's more than 10 days. Both number of Pilobolus sporangia discharge and appearance of frequency of ruminant feaces are significantly higher than non- ruminant's ( p < 0.0001), and the date of climax is earlier than non- ruminant's ( p < 0.01). The appearance of frequency of sika deer dung in northern Taiwan is significant higher than southern (p < 0.001). The diameter of colonies were measured to analyze the mycelial growth characters of Pilobolus sphaerosporus. The medium containing 100-150 ml dung extract per 1 liter distilled water under 25 - 35 ℃, pH 6 - 9 and complete darkness conditions were detected as optimum growth, and the lowest concentration for Pilobolus growth was determined by using 10 ml dung extract per 1 liter distilled water. Above 4 species of Pilobolus were successfully inoculated onto artificial medium and among these, Pilobolus sphaerosporus shown the fastest growth rate, and Pilobolus comutus the slowest.

[[alternative]]The educational views of Book -of-Rites

[[abstract]]摘要 本研究旨在自禮記中探討儒家禮教的實行，透過哲學分析及歷史詮釋等方 法探討形成禮教的社會文化背景，禮的起源及禮的觀念以作為研究禮記的 知識背景，並探討禮記教育目的及教育實際，再予以評析，期能對今日的 社會失序問題及道德教育有所啟示及建議. 全文除緒論及結論外共分 為五章，第一章探討禮教的社會化背景，以農業文明及宗法制度二節說明 ，以了解地理環境、文化生態及社會、政治制度對儒家禮教的影響。第二 章探討禮的起源，自「形上探源」及「禮活動探源」二節加以分析，禮的 的形上哲學思想源起於天人的互動關係，禮活動則源起於宗教儀式’靬P 方成為一套燦然大備的社會制度。第三章探討禮的觀念，期對禮的意義、 禮與道德的關係、禮對人類的價值等觀念有所認識。第四章探討禮記的教 育目的，以大學所謂三綱領分為明明德、親民、止於至善三節加以分析。 第五章則探討禮記教育實際，以「零歲教育」、「幼儀教育」、「成年教 育」、「人際關係教育」、「慎終追遠教育」五節以觀隨生命節奏而行的 禮教，胎教、嬰兒期的教育以培養端正人格；家庭教育以教食、衣、行、 坐、尊師、事親、尊長之基本禮儀；冠禮以教社會責任；婚禮以教延續宗 族之責；人際教育以教謙讓互敬的態度；喪、祭禮以教慎終追遠。 結 論部份，首先對本研究作一總結；接著對以強調倫理、群體、秩序的傳統 禮教加以評論省思；再則，以現代角度以觀禮記的承繼及變動，在時空的 差異下傳統禮教內涵、教育意義以及許多日常生活行為規範亦可為現代人 行為表現及生活態度及社會制度學習之典範，但不合時宜的禮制今日也需 加以改進；最後提出現代禮教在家庭、學校、社會三方面的推行，期能對 現代社會失序及道德教育實施有所裨益。

[[alternative]]Study on PE instructional planning process of pre-service teacher in elementary school

[[abstract]]The purpose of this study was to investigate the PE instructional planning process of pre-service teacher in elementary school. The participants included two elementary pre-service teachers and their two classes of fifth-grade students. Qualitative method was used to collect data through participant observation field notes, interviews and stimulated recall. Data were analyzed with constant comparison method. Results showed that the pre-service teachers mainly used to make mental planning, and text planning was used as auxiliary. Both pre- service teachers agreed on the importance of instructional planning, which helped them making teaching goal and smoothening the instructional process. Their first consideration of planning was their teaching goal of the class. Both of the pre-service teachers considered that knowing students’ entering behaviors confuse them most when they tried to make instructional plans, and they tried to solve the problems by predicting the students’ entering behaviors before the class and observing the students when teaching. The factors that affected their instructional planning making could be inducted from personal, student, and school factors. These findings have implications for teacher education, physical education teachers, and researchers.

專家系統在加減運算學習層次之應用研究

[[abstract]]本研究主要目的旨在應用專家系統的理念及技術，並結合學習層次專家之知識與軟體 工程技術，針對發展一套智慧型加減運算學習層次控制系統之有關架構技術進行研究 與設計，以建構一套智慧加減運算教學及研究之工具；系統發展之經驗可作為發展智 慧型電腦輔助教學教材軟體技術之參考。 為達到上述之研究目的，本研究首先分析加減運算學習層次控制系統之需求，並進行 本系統之架構規劃與設計，提出加減運算學習層次控制系統之資料流程，以及ICAI控 制卡結構之觀念；繼而進行相關技術研究包括題庫之設計、試題剖析、知識表示法、 推論技巧、裝置獨立技術，CAI 中文字型處理技巧、人機交談模式、回饋設計技巧等 ，並提出"CAI軟體製作工具整合"、"增強學習模組" 及ICAI推理機之觀念與技術。本 研究開發完成之智慧型教學工具，有下列五項子系統可供應用：一、專家知識庫建構 子系統，二、學習資料庫管理子系統，三、學習層次控制教學子系統，四、學習記錄 理子系統，五、加減運算教學子系統。 最後歸納研究結論與建議如后：一、研究結論：（1 ）ICAI控制卡、推理機及知識庫 之觀念與技巧，可提高ICAI軟體製作及使用之彈性。（2 ）裝置獨立的觀念與技巧， 將可提昇軟體之實用性，以及減少更新裝置時，所需修改程式之困擾。（3 ）ICAI軟 體製作工具整合觀念與架構,將有助於提昇ICAI 軟體之製作品質。（4 ）增強學習模 組的設計觀念，有助於提高學習者的學習興趣及成效，及教學者選用增強學習模組的 便利性。二、研究建議：（1 ）建立整數四則運算學習層資完整體系，以為發展智慧 型數學科整數四則運算及應用題學習層次控制系統之基礎。（2 ）評估數學科其它教 材發展智慧型學習層次控制系統的可行性，進而建立完善的智慧型數學科電腦輔助教 學環境。（3 ）本研究完成之系統可做為控制學習變項的工具。學者可據此進行有關 的教學實驗，增進特殊兒童的學習效果。（4 ）建立領域專家與軟體工程專家之溝通 模式，有助於ICAI教材軟體之發展。（5 ）建立推理機資料傳輸之介面標準，以為有 志發展推理機者之參考依據。

[[alternative]]The evaluation of teachers' incubation cirriculum in Music Education Department specializing in Children's Music Education in National Hualien Teachers' College

[[abstract]]The purpose of this study is to understand the developed process of Music Education Department specializing in Children’s Music Education in National Hualien Teachers’ College and from which to gain inspirations to the teachers’ incubation system. For reaching that purpose, this study utilizes Children’s Music Education Division pioneered by Music Education Department of National Hualien Teachers’ College as the object. All relevant information was gathered through interview, observation and documents collecting. And, after analysis and discussion in accordance with that information, the author got the conclusions as listed below: 1. The meanings and goals of elementary music education: The meanings of elementary music education include incubating generalists or experts in music, utilizing music to awakening music aptness, culturing citizens to have the ability to appreciate music and fostering knowers, heritors and creators or music culture. The goals of elementary music education include development of morality, cultivation of skills, establishment of aestheticism, development of personal interests and values, realization of music popularization, and emphasis of international perspective. 2. The magnificant advancement in quality and quantity of teachers in the recent two decades: In the recent two decades, the incubation institutions of elementary music teachers have converted from the early teachers’ junior colleges to music division of elementary education department in teachers’ colleges then to the present music education department in teachers’ colleges. There has been a magnificant advancement either in quality or quantity. 3. The analyses of interviews with students majoring in Children’s Music Education: The analyses are divided into several categories including the background information of students, the lives in the school, the attitudes regarding the discontinuance of Children’s Music Education Division and the situations of their teachings in schools. 4. The analyses of interviews with instructors and professors teaching in Children’s Music Education Division: The analyses are divided into several categories including the causes of establishing Children’s Music Education Division, the curriculum arrangement of Children’s Music Education Division, the bottlenecks confronted by Children’s Music Education Specilization and the counterplots, the reasons of incontinuance of Children’s Music Education Division. In accordance with the discovery of this research, as reference, the author provides some recommendations as listed below: 1. The recommendation to the curriculum: The recommendations include valuing music education, reinforcing internship in teachers’ incubation institutions and emphasizing in the development of students. 2. The recommendation to the guidance: The recommendations include reinforcing the functions of guidance offices, the guiding roles of tutors, and the communication channels with students. 3. The recommendation to the direction of future study: The recommendations include understanding the developed process of Music Education Department specializing in Children’s Music Education in National Tainan Teachers’ College and keeping trace of the situations of students majoring in Children’s Music Education. Key Words: Elementary Music Teacher, Teachers’ Incubation System