Wybrane problemy kardiologii sportowej

Odpowiedzią na regularny trening fizyczny są zmiany adaptacyjne organizmu. Są one najbardziej zauważalne w układzie krążenia osób trenujących. Fizjologiczna przebudowa morfologii oraz funkcji serca w odpowiedzi na obciążenie fizyczne nosi nazwę „serca sportowca”. W zależności od rodzaju wysiłku fizycznego ma ona charakter koncentryczny lub ekscentryczny. Nakładają się na to czynniki osobnicze oraz, nie do końca poznane, czynniki genetyczne. Najczęściej obserwowane u sportowców zmiany to spoczynkowa bradykardia, spowodowana zwiększeniem napięcia układu przywspółczulnego i zwiększenie wymiarów serca, stwierdzone w badaniu echokardiograficznym. W nielicznych przypadkach przebudowa serca sportowca ma charakter patologiczny i wiąże się z tak zwanym nagłym zgonem sercowym. Najczęstszym jego podłożem są nierozpoznane wcześniej choroby serca. Przyczyny nagłego zgonu sercowego u sportowców zależą od wieku. Właśnie zagrożenie nagłym zgonem sercowym każe wnikliwie oceniać i badać sportowców przed rozpoczęciem przez nich kariery zawodowej oraz w jej trakcie. Ocenie bezpieczeństwa uprawiania sportu na poziomie zawodowym służą odpowiednie rekomendacje towarzystw medycznych

Left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent oral anticoagulation

Background: Electric cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of embolism, with embolic material existing in the heart cavities. The initiation of oral anticoagulation therapy reduces the risk of thromboembolic events. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi in non-valvular AF, to compare vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) with respect to thrombus prevalence, and to evaluate the rate of LAA thrombus persistence on repeat transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) after treatment change. Methods: We enrolled 160 consecutive AF patients who presented with an AF duration > 48 h and had undergone TEE before cardioversion. Results: Left atrial appendage thrombus was observed in 12 (7.5%) patients, and spontaneous echo contrast 4 was observed in 19 (11.8%) patients; the incidence was similar between the NOAC and VKA groups (8.9% vs. 3.6% and 12.4% vs. 18.5 %, respectively). Among patients on NOAC, thrombus prevalence was detected in 8.4% of users of rivaroxaban, 8% of users of dabigatran, and 12.5% of users of apixaban. Conclusions: The LAA thrombus developed in 7.5% of patients despite anticoagulation therapy, demonstrating similar prevalence rates among patients either on NOAC or VKA. Lower mean LAA flow velocity and a history of vascular disease were independent predictors of embolic material in the LAA. It seems that in the case of embolic materials in LAA under NOAC treatment, switching to VKA provides additional clinical benefit to the patients

Aktywność fizyczna - czy alternatywa dla farmakoterapii w chorobie niedokrwiennej serca?

Wysiłek fizyczny stanowi cenne narzędzie wspomagające klasyczną terapię chorób układu krążenia. Jest elementem profilaktyki pierwotnej, rehabilitacji i profilaktyki wtórnej. Rosnąca liczba badań wyraźnie ukazuje korzyści z regularnego podejmowania aktywności fizycznej. Coraz więcej osób rozpoczyna taką aktywność, zatem konieczna staje się wnikliwa analiza przed dopuszczeniem do uprawiania sportu, szczególnie w starszych grupach wiekowych. Korzyści z regularnie podejmowanej aktywności fizycznej obejmują modyfikację głównych czynników ryzyka choroby wieńcowej, takich jak: nadciśnienie tętnicze, zaburzenia gospodarki węglowodanowej, insulinooporność, hiperlipidemia oraz otyłość. Jednym z podstawowych badań w kwalifikacji do amatorskiego uprawiania sportu jest test wysiłkowy. Należy go wykonać u wszystkich mężczyzn powyżej 45. roku życia, u kobiet powyżej 55. roku życia, a także u pacjentów z cukrzycą oraz z licznymi czynnikami ryzyka choroby niedokrwiennej serca. Obecnie wysiłek fizyczny postrzega się jako formę terapii - najtańszy, najłatwiej dostępny sposób na zachowanie sprawności przez długie lata. Wiele leków, stosowanych powszechnie w kardiologii, wydłuża życie pacjentów, niektóre poprawiają jego jakość. Aktywność fizyczna jako lek w pełni łączy te dwa elementy

A Novel Biocidal Nanocomposite: Spherical Silica with Silver Ions Anchored at the Surface

This article is devoted to a novel class of antimicrobial agents: nanocomposites composed of spherical silica and silver ions located at the silica’s surface with the assumed distribution. Such materials are in high demand due to the increasing threat from bacterial strains that are becoming resistant to currently known antibiotics. In particular, we focus on materials that make it possible to limit the growth of bacterial colonies on a variety of tactile surfaces. In this paper, we present a method for preparing a silica-based nanocomposite containing silver ions and the analysis of their antimicrobial properties. Our research revealed that the presence of tested nanocomposite induces very high oxidative stress in the bacteria cell, damaging and modifying bacterial DNA, creating oxidized guanines, cytosines, or adenines, which causes its very rapid destruction, leading to cell death

Zrównoważony rozwój sektora żywnościowego a ograniczenie strat i marnotrawstwa żywności

Globally is wasted about one third of total food produced per year. The losses are borne along the entire food chain from “farm to fork”. The phenomenon requires an analysis and monitoring of the impact due to continuous development of food sector. Food losses and its waste have an impact on the sustainability of food systems in all three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. Irrational use of food beyond the amount of losses, is a threat to our environment because of excessive consumption of natural resources and is a causes of unmet nutritional needs of societies. The aim of the study was to determine the causes of losses and wastage in the food chain and categorization as well as taking into account recovery capabilities. As follows from the analysis presented in the work some of the reasons for food losses and waste are well known, possible limitations. Therefore, we should seek ways of recovering of food products and using them as intended. One way may be the transfer of food for social purposes, which also affects the sustainability of development in this sector due to social aspects

OGRANICZENIE STRAT PRODUKTÓW MLECZARSKICH W HANDLU DETALICZNYM JAKO ELEMENT SPOŁECZNIE ODPOWIEDZIALNEGO BIZNESU

Food losses means a reducing of supply food, which is used as intended, due to mismanagement, errors and irregularities in its management processes, extending from the manufacturing to distribution. The concept, which could facilitate measures to reduce food losses is strategy of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), having regard to the responsibility of enterprises for their impact on society. The aim of this study was to analyze the causes of losses in milk and dairy products at the retail level, which was the basis to determine limits and possibilities of food recovery. Own survey showed that 40% of the losses were caused by exceeding the shelf life and 60% was resulted from mechanical damage of the packs. The possibility of responsible product management and recovery for transferred through non-governmental organizations to people in need was indicated in this study

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD SECTOR AND LIMITATIONS OF FOOD LOSSES AND ITS WASTE

Globally is wasted about one third of total food produced per year. The losses are borne along the entire food chain from “farm to fork”. The phenomenon requires an analysis and monitoring of the impact due to continuous development of food sector. Food losses and its waste have an impact on the sustainability of food systems in all three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. Irrational use of food beyond the amount of losses, is a threat to our environment because of excessive consumption of natural resources and is a causes of unmet nutritional needs of societies. The aim of the study was to determine the causes of losses and wastage in the food chain and categorization as well as taking into account recovery capabilities. As follows from the analysis presented in the work some of the reasons for food losses and waste are well known, possible limitations. Therefore, we should seek ways of recovering of food products and using them as intended. One way may be the transfer of food for social purposes, which also affects the sustainability of development in this sector due to social aspects

Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress—A Causative Factor and Therapeutic Target in Many Diseases

The excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairment of defensive antioxidant systems leads to a condition known as oxidative stress. The main source of free radicals responsible for oxidative stress is mitochondrial respiration. The deleterious effects of ROS on cellular biomolecules, including DNA, is a well-known phenomenon that can disrupt mitochondrial function and contribute to cellular damage and death, and the subsequent development of various disease processes. In this review, we summarize the most important findings that implicated mitochondrial oxidative stress in a wide variety of pathologies from Alzheimer disease (AD) to autoimmune type 1 diabetes. This review also discusses attempts to affect oxidative stress as a therapeutic avenue