The Geant4 Hadronic Verification Suite for the Cascade Energy Range

A Geant4 hadronic process verification suite has been designed to test and optimize Geant4 hadronic models in the cascade energy range. It focuses on quantities relevant to the LHC radiation environment and spallation source targets. The general structure of the suite is presented, including the user interface, stages of verification, management of experimental data, event generation, and comparison of results to data. Verification results for the newly released Binary cascade and Bertini cascade models are presented.Comment: Talk from the 2003 Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics (CHEP03), La Jolla, Ca, USA, March 2003, 5 pages, LaTeX, 3 eps figures. PSN MOMT00

A model for the interaction of high-energy particles in straight and bent crystals implemented in Geant4

A model for the simulation of orientational effects in straight and bent periodic atomic structures is presented. The continuum potential approximation has been adopted.The model allows the manipulation of particle trajectories by means of straight and bent crystals and the scaling of the cross sections of hadronic and electromagnetic processes for channeled particles. Based on such a model, an extension of the Geant4 toolkit has been developed. The code has been validated against data from channeling experiments carried out at CERN

γ∗NΔ\gamma^{*}N\Delta Form Factors from a Relativistic Dynamical Model of Pion Electroproduction

We obtain the electromagnetic form factors of the $\gamma N\Delta$ transition by analyzing recent pion-electroproduction data using a fully relativistic dynamical model. Special care is taken to satisfy Ward-Takahashi identities for the Born term in the presence of form factors thereby allowing the use of realistic electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon and pion. We parametrize the $Q^2$ dependence of the {\it bare} $\gamma N \Delta$ form factors by a three-parameter form which is consistent with the asymptotic behavior inferred from QCD. The parameters of the bare $\gamma N \Delta$ form factors are the only free parameters of the model and are fitted to the differential cross-section and multipole-analysis data up to $Q^2=4$ (GeV/c)$^2$ in the $\Delta(1232)$-resonance region. This analysis emphasizes the significance of the pion-cloud effects in the extraction of the resonance parameters.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, several small corrections, to be published in Phys. Rev.

The Bleaching of Soy Bean Oil with Peat

The color in soy bean oil is removed by four or five treatments at 120°C with 10% - 20% of its weight of north Iowa peat or peat ash. The removal of the color is accomplished with fewer treatments by first mixing the oil with an equal volume of solvent naphtha which is distilled off after the bleaching treatment. Exposure of the oil to strong sunlight, or better to ultraviolet rays, assists in removing the last traces of color

Lithium and carbon isotopic fractionations between the alteration assemblages of Nakhla and Lafayette

Nakhla and Lafayette delta 7Li values for samples and extracts (4.1-14.2�) are consistent with brine evaporation. Relatively 13C-poor siderite in Lafayette suggests more than one carbon source was sampled

A cohort study of influences, health outcomes and costs of patients' health-seeking behaviour for minor ailments from primary and emergency care settings

To compare health-related and cost-related outcomes of consultations for symptoms suggestive of minor ailments in emergency departments (EDs), general practices and community pharmacies

The Electrometric Determination of Lime

Because of the inaccuracies of the Scaife method for the determination of lime, the hydrogen electrode has been tried as an instrument for analyzing lime. It is found that a characteristic curve may be obtained which will enable the analyst to distinguish between the Ca O, Ca Co3 and the Mg O present in a sample of lime. Hydrochloric or oxalic acid may be used for titration, but the hydrochloric seems to give best results

Operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: A pilot economic decision analysis

Background: The operative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures has been associated with lower rerupture rates and better function but also a risk of surgery-related complications compared with nonoperative treatment, which may provide improved outcomes with accelerated rehabilitation protocols. However, economic decision analyses integrating the updated costs of both treatment options are limited in the literature. Purpose: To compare the cost-effectiveness of operative and nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon tears. Study Design: Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: An economic decision model was built to assess the cost-utility ratio (CUR) of open primary repair versus nonoperative treatment for acute Achilles tendon ruptures, based on direct costs from the practices of sports medicine and foot and ankle surgeons at a single tertiary academic center, with published outcome probabilities and patient utility data. Multiway sensitivity analyses were performed to reflect the range of data. Results: Nonoperative treatment was more cost-effective in the average scenario (nonoperative CUR, US$520; operative CUR, US$1995), but crossover occurred during the sensitivity analysis (nonoperative CUR range, US$224-US$2079; operative CUR range, US$789-US$8380). Operative treatment cost an extra average marginal CUR of US$1475 compared with nonoperative treatment, assuming uneventful healing in both treatment arms. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated a decreased marginal CUR of operative treatment when the outcome utility was maximized, and rerupture rates were minimized compared with nonoperative treatment. Conclusion: Nonoperative treatment was more cost-effective in average scenarios. Crossover indicated that open primary repair would be favorable for maximized outcome utility, such as that for young athletes or heavy laborers. The treatment decision for acute Achilles tendon ruptures should be individualized. These pilot results provide inferences for further longitudinal analyses incorporating future clinical evidence