Investigating the prevalence of anxiety and depression in people living with patellofemoral pain in the UK: the Dep-Pf Study

Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common knee condition causing pain around or behind the kneecap which is exacerbated by certain activities. Traditionally it has been viewed as a self-limiting condition. Recent research proves this is not the case and the evidence for poor long-term outcomes is growing. Whilst the evidence base for PFP treatment and the understanding of its aetiology is improving, it remains a complex and difficult to treat condition. In many physical conditions, it has been shown that anxiety and depression negatively affect both their management and duration. It is unclear how prevalent anxiety and depression are in PFP. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of anxiety and depression in people living with PFP in the U

Thermal imagery for census of ungulates

A Daedalus thermal linescanner mounted in a light single engine aircraft was used to image the entire 270 square kilometers within the fenced perimeter of ElK Island Park, Alberta, Canada. The data were collected during winter, 1976 in morning and midday (overcast conditions) processed and analyzed to obtain a number for total ungulates. Five different ungulate species were present during the survey. Ungulates were easily observed during the analysis of linescanner imagery and the total number of ungulates was established at 2175 compared to figures of 1010 and 1231 for visual method aerial survey results of the same area that year. It was concluded that the scanner was much more accurate and precise for census of ungulates than visual techniques

"This ill-shaped monster": Writing the Representation of the Commons in Parliament, 1776-1831

High-profile campaigns to bring about legislative change, by using writing to inform public opinion and by demonstrating that opinion to the House of Commons, generally failed, 1772-1828. Writers were looked to as more responsive effecters of real-world change. They used the figure of the writer as a Member of Parliament to describe what and why (to do what? to whom?) they wrote. By questioning how far Members were elected by and represented the interests of the people, their mandate to legislate, reformers simultaneously opened a critical space in which writers could question their own mandate to write, at a time when it was more possible for women and/or members of lower income groups to live by their pen. I trace the ways in which the reform debate affected how the writer-as-legislator figure was used by three writers who (a) claimed to apply experimental realistic modes to represent ordinary, private life and (b) subscribed to different reform ideologies. All three pitted a ‘rightly’-mandated writer and legislator against a ‘wrongly’-mandated writer and legislator, representers of the ‘right’ against representers of the ‘wrong’ group’s interests in writing and in statutes. William Wordsworth aspired to represent what he abstracted from his subjects’ reality, as thinkers and actors in socio-political and -economic contexts. Despite his support for radical reform before 1818, Wordsworth compared such a writer to a Member not elected by the people, who represented his own, party, or electoral supporters’ interests. George Crabbe and Maria Edgeworth aspired to represent their subjects’ reality and to align themselves with a reformed House of Commons, elected by and representing the interests of a larger subset of the people. These findings dispute Raymond Williams’s thesis that the ideal of writing as a representation of subjects’ ordinary way of life, their reality, emerged during the mid-nineteenth century

Analysis of cohesive subgrade subject to long term cyclic loading

Rail transportation is a key consideration for the future of sustainable cities. As cities develop and grow, greater demands are placed on existing infrastructure, and as rail networks expand, the construction of new routes will be governed by land availability. In this case, it is likely these routes will transit soft clay subgrade material. Quantifying the response of cohesive subgrades under repeated loading is therefore important for both the design and construction of future rail links and the maintenance of existing routes. A body of triaxial test data is presented examining the performance of reconstituted kaolinite samples to cyclic loading. Reconstituted Gault clay samples, obtained from bulk samples, where also tested. In total, 20 monotonic tests, 59 cyclic triaxial tests and 12 post-cyclic triaxial tests were performed in this study. These tests examined the influence of load frequency and load magnitude, defined in terms of a cyclic stress ratio, to characterise the cyclic behaviour. Further studies demonstrated the performance of cohesive subgrade material considering preloading and examined the response of a sample under partial drainage. The laboratory tests were complimented by an undrained cyclic numerical model, extended to consider vertical drainage. Finally, the influence of various factors on cohesive subgrade beneath slab track were analysed and design charts presented to determine the cyclic stress for input to the numerical model. Findings of this study highlighted some of the key considerations for cohesive subgrade soils when subjected to cyclic loading and the influence on the strain accumulation and excess pore pressure response. For the Gault clay, the difference in response with respect to the compressibility of the samples was investigated considering the plasticity of the clay. The results from this study provided further validation data for the existing undrained cyclic model, and predictions of partially drained soil response are in good agreement with the case studies analysed

Analysis of Training Needs for Secretaries in Medium-Sized Tulsa Companies

Occupational and Adult Educatio

Mitochondrial localization and ocular expression of mutant Opa3 in a mouse model of 3-methylglutaconicaciduria type III

Purpose. To investigate the developmental and ocular expression of Opa3 in a mouse model of 3-methylglutaconicaciduria type III and the effect of mutation on protein localization and mitochondrial morphology. Methods. The B6 C3-Opa3L122P mouse carrying a missense mutation in exon 2 (c.365T>C; p.L122P) of Opa3, which displays features of recessive 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III was studied. The expression of Opa3 was determined with RT-PCR, quantitative PCR, and Western blot, in embryos (embryonic day [E]8 to postnatal day [P]0) and adult tissues, and by ocular immunohistochemistry. Mitochondria were stained using a mitochondrion-selective probe in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from Opa3−/− mutants and imaged by electron microscopy of the retinas. Results. The splice variants Opa3a and Opa3b were expressed in the lenses and the retinas in the Opa3−/− mice, with the expression of the Opa3a isoform predominant. Opa3 was expressed throughout embryonic development, with high levels of expression in the developing brain, retina, optic nerve, and lens. Opa3 localized to the mitochondria, and the L122P mutant protein did not mislocalize. Neither protein localized to the peroxisome. Opa3−/− mice displayed disrupted mitochondrial morphology in the retina. Wild-type Opa3 protein increased as the lenses aged, despite the reduction in Opa3 mRNA occurring as a part of lens differentiation. However, mutant Opa3 mRNA was upregulated in homozygous mutant lenses, suggesting a compensatory increase in expression, which may further increase Opa3 protein levels. Conclusions. Mutant Opa3 protein retains its mitochondrial localization and induces disrupted mitochondrial morphology. Opa3 accumulates in the lens. The results may reflect a slow turnover of Opa3 protein in vivo and may be important in normal lens physiology

Developmentally regulated expression of hemoglobin subunits in avascular tissues

We investigated the spatio-temporal profile of hemoglobin subunit expression in developing avascular tissues. Significant up-regulation of hemoglobin subunits was identified in microarray experiments comparing blastocyst inner cell masses with undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells. Hemoglobin expression changes were confirmed using embryoid bodies (derived from in vitro differentiation of ES cells) to model very early development at pre-vascular stages of embryogenesis; i.e. prior to hematopoiesis. We also demonstrate, using RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, expression of adult and fetal mouse hemoglobin subunits in the avascular ocular lens at various stages of development and maturation. Hemoglobin proteins were expressed in lens epithelial cells (cytoplasmic) and cortical lens fiber cells (nuclear and cell-surface-associated); however, a sensitive heme assay demonstrated negligible levels of heme in the developing lens postnatally. Hemoglobin expression was also observed in the developing eye in corneal endothelium and retinal ganglion cells. Gut sections showed, in addition to erythrocytes, hemoglobin protein staining in rare, individual villus epithelial cells. These results suggest a paradigm shift: hemoglobin subunits are expressed in the avascular lens and cornea and in pre-hematopoietic embryos. It is likely, therefore, that hemoglobin subunits have novel developmental roles; the absence of the heme group from the lens would indicate that at least some of these functions may be independent of oxygen metabolism. The pattern of expression of hemoglobin subunits in the perinuclear region during lens fiber cell differentiation, when denucleation is taking place, may indicate involvement in the apoptosis-like signaling processes occurring in differentiating lens fiber cells