The Scale and Impact of Viking Settlement in Northumbria

Recent archaeological research, notably at the Viking winter camp at Torksey, has indicated that the armies that invaded Anglo-Saxon England in the late 9th century were much larger than has often been assumed and that a literal reading of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’s assessment of the size of Viking fleets may, after all, have been correct. Furthermore, study of the Torksey metalwork assemblage has allowed the identification of the archaeological signature of the Viking Great Army and, when applied to Cottam, it confirmed the identification of an initial phase of raiding by an element of the Army, followed shortly thereafter by settlement represented by the development of a hybrid Anglo-Scandinavian culture. Taken together, over 25 categories of non-ferrous artefacts are diagnostic of Viking or Anglo-Scandinavian activity in Northumbria. Applying this model to over 15 sites, largely known only from metal-detecting, we can observe a common pattern. At the majority of sites, a large and fairly standardised Middle Anglo-Saxon finds assemblage is succeeded by just a few Viking finds, which we attribute to raiding following Halfdan’s return to Northumbria with part of the Great Army in AD 876. At a much smaller number of sites there are also assemblages of Anglo-Scandinavian finds, relating to the establishment of new settlements by the new landowners. The overall picture is of major settlement disruption and dislocation of existing land holdings and populations in the late 9th century. This demonstrates, for the first time from archaeological evidence, the scale and impact of Viking activity in Northumbria

Dalton Parlours Iron Age settlement and Roman villa

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An atlas of rural settlement in England

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Wharram A study of settlement on the Yorkshire Wolds research project monograph no. 6; domestic settlement 2; Medieval peasant farmsteads

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Late Saxon crop processing at Wharram Percy: new radiocarbon dates from the South Manor site

Charred plant remains from the South Manor site - at the excavated medieval settlement of Wharram Percy, Yorkshire - were radiocarbon-dated by the Feeding Anglo-Saxon England project. These new radiocarbon dates suggest that a crop processing oven previously associated with the twelfth- to thirteenth-century manorial phase is now most plausibly dated to the late tenth century, and also that crops were probably being processed in the vicinity of a black loam layer by the ninth century. This evidence could indicate 'high status' and/or specialised activity in this ninth- to tenth-century phase

Historic buildings in Leeds Understanding listing

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The electrochemical characteristics of blue copper protein monolayers on gold

Site-specifically engineered disulphide or surface cysteine residues have been introduced into two blue copper proteins, Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin and Populus nigra plastocyanin, in order to facilitate protein chemisorption on gold electrodes. The subsequently formed well-defined protein monolayers gave rise to robust electrochemical responses and electron transfer rates comparable to those observed at modified electrode surfaces. Proximal probe characterisation confirms the presence, at high coverage, of well-ordered protein adlayers. Additionally, gold-metalloprotein affinity is such that molecular-level tunnelling and topographic analyses can be carried out under aqueous solution. The approaches outlined in this work can, in principal, be extended to the generation of arrays of any redox-active biomolecule. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved