1,259 research outputs found
How Many Parents Regret Having Children?
The present study experimentally investigates the number of parents who truly regret having their children. By using an unmatched count technique developed by Gervais and Njale (2020), participants (N = 751) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: an experimental āyes/noā agreement condition, the ātarget statement presentā counting condition, and the ātarget statement not presentā counting condition. Participants were also asked different questions regarding marital status, whether they had a disorder diagnosis, had a history of their parents being divorced, and other suspected moderator variables. Regret of having children was reported significantly less compared to previous studies (Piotrowski et al., 2021). However, the moderator variables, some of which are listed above, were found to be statistically significant when participants did explicitly indicate regret about having their child(ren). Further studies will need to be done with possible changes to the phrasing of the regret statement, exploring the moderator variables more in-depth, or utilizing a sliding scale for an indication of regret instead of a binary yes or no
A review of approaches to estimate wildfire plume injection height within large-scale atmospheric chemical transport models
Landscape fires produce smoke containing a very wide variety of chemical species, both gases and aerosols. For larger, more intense fires that produce the greatest amounts of emissions per unit time, the smoke tends initially to be transported vertically or semi-vertically close by the source region, driven by the intense heat and convective energy released by the burning vegetation. The column of hot smoke rapidly entrains cooler ambient air, forming a rising plume within which the fire emissions are transported. The characteristics of this plume, and in particular the height to which it rises before releasing the majority of the smoke burden into the wider atmosphere, are important in terms of how the fire emissions are ultimately transported, since for example winds at different altitudes may be quite different. This difference in atmospheric transport then may also affect the longevity, chemical conversion, and fate of the plumes chemical constituents, with for example very high plume injection heights being associated with extreme long-range atmospheric transport. Here we review how such landscape-scale fire smoke plume injection heights are represented in larger-scale atmospheric transport models aiming to represent the impacts of wildfire emissions on component of the Earth system. In particular we detail (i) satellite Earth observation data sets capable of being used to remotely assess wildfire plume height distributions and (ii) the driving characteristics of the causal fires. We also discuss both the physical mechanisms and dynamics taking place in fire plumes and investigate the efficiency and limitations of currently available injection height parameterizations. Finally, we conclude by suggesting some future parameterization developments and ideas on Earth observation data selection that may be relevant to the instigation of enhanced methodologies aimed at injection height representation
New fire diurnal cycle characterizations to improve fire radiative energy assessments made from low-Earth orbit satellites sampling
Accurate near real time fire emissions estimates are required for
air quality forecasts. To date, most approaches are based on
satellite-derived estimates of fire radiative power (FRP), which can
be converted to fire radiative energy (FRE) which is directly
related to fire emissions. Uncertainties in these FRE estimations
are often substantial. This is for a large part because the most
often used low-Earth orbit satellite-based instruments like the
MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have
a relatively poor sampling of the usually pronounced fire diurnal
cycle. In this paper we explore the spatial variation of this fire
diurnal cycle and its drivers. Specifically, we assess how
representing the fire diurnal cycle affects FRP and FRE estimations
when using data collected at MODIS overpasses. Using data
assimilation we explored three different methods to estimate hourly
FRE, based on an incremental sophistication of parameterizing the
fire diurnal cycle. We sampled data from the geostationary Meteosat
Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) at MODIS
detection opportunities to drive the three approaches. The full
SEVIRI time-series, providing full coverage of the diurnal cycle,
were used to evaluate the results. Our study period comprised three
years (2010ā2012), and we focussed on Africa and the Mediterranean
basin to avoid the use of potentially lower quality SEVIRI data
obtained at very far off-nadir view angles. We found that the fire
diurnal cycle varies substantially over the study region, and
depends on both fuel and weather conditions. For example, more
"intense" fires characterized by a fire diurnal cycle with high
peak fire activity, long duration over the day, and with nighttime
fire activity are most common in areas of large fire size (i.e.,
large burned area per fire event). These areas are most prevalent in
relatively arid regions. Ignoring the fire diurnal cycle as done
currently in some approaches caused structural errors, while
generally overestimating FRE. Including information on the
climatology of the fire diurnal cycle provided the most promising avenue
to improve FRE estimations. This approach also improved the
performance on relatively high spatiotemporal resolutions, although
only when aggregating model results to coarser spatial and/or
temporal scale good correlation was found with the full SEVIRI
hourly reference dataset. In general model performance was best in
areas of frequent fire and low errors of omission. We recommend the use
of regionally varying fire diurnal cycle information within the
Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) used in the Copernicus
Atmosphere Monitoring Services, which will improve FRE estimates and
may allow for further reconciliation of biomass burning emission
estimates from different inventories
Evaluation of SWIR-based methods for quantifying active volcano radiant emissions using NASA EOS-ASTER data
A āround-robinā inter-comparison of 2.5 ā 14 Ī¼m surface spectral emissivity measurements made in different international laboratories, and its implication for emissivity measurement uncertainty
Adsorption of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase on condensed monolayers of phospholipid
Arthroscopic hip labral repair: the iberian suture technique
Arthroscopic hip labral repair has beneficial short-term outcomes; however, debate exists regarding ideal surgical labral repair technique. This technical note presents an arthroscopic repair technique that uses intrasubstance labral suture passage to restore the chondrolabral interface. This Iberian suture technique allows for an anatomic repair while posing minimal risk of damage to the labral and chondral tissues
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