One-Pot Conversion of Carbohydrates into Pyrrole-2-carbaldehydes as Sustainable Platform Chemicals

A practical conversion method of carbohydrates into <i>N</i>-substituted 5-(hydroxymethyl)­pyrrole-2-carbaldehydes (pyrralines) was developed by the reaction with primary amines and oxalic acid in DMSO at 90 °C. Further cyclization of the highly functionalized pyrralines afforded the pyrrole-fused poly-heterocyclic compounds as potential intermediates for drugs, food flavors, and functional materials. The mild Maillard variant of carbohydrates and amino esters in heated DMSO with oxalic acid expeditiously produced the pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde skeleton, which can be concisely transformed into the pyrrole alkaloid natural products, 2-benzyl- and 2-methylpyrrolo­[1,4]­oxazin-3-ones <b>8</b> and <b>9</b>, lobechine <b>10</b>, and (−)-hanishin <b>11</b> in 23–32% overall yields from each carbohydrate

Survey questions, answer choices, and responses from first-year medical students before ultrasound (US) training.

<p>Survey questions, answer choices, and responses from first-year medical students before ultrasound (US) training.</p

Survey questions, answer choices, and responses from first-year medical students after ultrasound (US) training.

<p>Survey questions, answer choices, and responses from first-year medical students after ultrasound (US) training.</p

Results of the survey and ten questions that addressed confidence to perform an ultrasound (US) examination and correct localization of sonographic images before and after US training.

<p>Results of the survey and ten questions that addressed confidence to perform an ultrasound (US) examination and correct localization of sonographic images before and after US training.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Age dependent accumulation patterns of advanced glycation end product receptor (RAGE) ligands and binding intensities between RAGE and its ligands differ in the liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle

Antibodies list used for Immunohistochemistry, ELISA and immunoblotting. Table S2. List of primers for Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). (DOC 46 kb

Role of Ring <i>Ortho</i> Substituents on the Configuration of Carotenoid Polyene Chains

The 9-(<i>Z</i>)-configuration was exclusively obtained in the carotenoid polyene chain irrespective of olefination and disconnection methods for terminal <i>ortho</i>-unsubstituted benzene rings. The 2,6-dimethyl substituents in the terminal rings secure an all-(<i>E</i>)-polyene structure. The single molecular conductance of the pure 9-(<i>Z</i>)-carotene was measured for the first time to be 1.53 × 10^–4 ± 6.37 × 10^–5G₀, whose value was 47% that of the all-(<i>E</i>)-carotene ((3.23 × 10^–4) ± (1.23 × 10^–4) G₀)

Four glycolytic pathways present in <i>E. coli</i>.

<p>EMP, Embden-Meyerhof pathway; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; EDP, Entner-Doudoroff pathway.</p

Pyruvate and G3P generation, energy and reducing equivalents production of different glycolytic pathways.

<p>Pyruvate and G3P generation, energy and reducing equivalents production of different glycolytic pathways.</p

Participation of MEP-dependent isoprene biosynthesis pathway into two modules.

<p>Gene symbols and the enzymes they encode (all genes were from <i>E. coli</i> except where noted): <i>dxs</i>, DXP synthase; <i>ispC</i>, DXP reductionisomerase; <i>ispD</i>, DXP-ME synthase; <i>ispE</i>, CDP-ME kinase; <i>ispF</i>, MECPP synthase; <i>ispG</i>, HMBPP synthase; <i>ispH</i>, HMBPP reductase; <i>idi</i>, IPP isomerase; <i>ispS</i>, isoprene synthase (<i>P. alba</i>). Pathway intermediates: G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; DXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate; MEP, 2-<i>C</i>-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; CDP-ME, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-<i>C</i>-methyl-D-erythritol; CDP-MEP, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-<i>C</i>-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; MECPP, 2-<i>C</i>-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclopyrophosphate; HMBPP, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(<i>E</i>)-butenyl 4-pyrophosphate; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate.</p

Substrate consumption, isoprene and biomass productions from different feeding modules^a.

a<p>Module 1, 2 and 3 used 10 g L⁻¹ glucose as substrate; module 4 and 5 used 10 g L⁻¹ D-xylose as substrate. Data reported were average values of duplicate cultivation runs.</p