Ex situ perfusion fixation for brain banking: a technical report

Perfusion fixation is a well-established technique in animal research to improve preservation quality in the study of many tissues, including the brain. There is a growing interest in using perfusion to fix postmortem human brain tissue to achieve the highest fidelity preservation for downstream high-resolution morphomolecular brain mapping studies. Numerous practical barriers arise when applying perfusion fixation in brain banking settings, including the large mass of the organ, degradation of vascular integrity and patency prior to the start of the procedure, and differing investigator goals sometimes necessitating part of the brain to be frozen. As a result, there is a critical need to establish a perfusion fixation procedure in brain banking that is flexible and scalable. This technical report describes our approach to developing an ex situ perfusion fixation protocol. We discuss the challenges encountered and lessons learned while implementing this procedure. Routine morphological staining and RNA in situ hybridization data show that the perfused brains have well-preserved tissue cytoarchitecture and intact biomolecular signal. However, it remains uncertain whether this procedure leads to improved histology quality compared to immersion fixation. Additionally, ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data suggest that the perfusion fixation protocol may introduce imaging artifacts in the form of air bubbles in the vasculature. We conclude with further research directions to investigate the use of perfusion fixation as a rigorous and reproducible alternative to immersion fixation for the preparation of postmortem human brains

A Comparison of Sexual and Size Dimorphism Across Cold-Weather and Temperate Human Populations

Much work has been done previously on how male and female pelves differ and how different geographic populations differ, but few studies have looked at how these two factors interact. This study examined the pelvic and femoral dimensions of five American males and five American females from a twentieth century group and five Inuit males and five Inuit females from a 100 BC--500 AD aged group. Based on previous research, I tested the hypothesis that there will be significant differences in femoral length, bi-iliac breadth, and surface area to body mass ratio between the Inuits and Americans and differences in innominate height, bi-acetabular breadth, ischiopubic index, and the midplane and outlet dimensions of the pelvis between the males and females. I found all but the surface area to body mass and bi-acetabular breadth measurements supported the hypothesis, suggesting that more work can be done to examine differences in sex and body size in different geographic groups