Establishing the Modern Advertising Languages: Patent Medicine Newspaper Advertisements in Hong Kong, 1945-1970

This article traces the formation of modern advertising languages in Hong Kong when this society was developing into the industrialization stage and was experiencing steady economic growth in the period from 1945 through 1969 It argues that Hong Kong advertising culture developed under the influence of Western advertising techniques, images and ideology, which shaped the modern advertising languages of Hong Kong Newspaper advertisements for patent medicines from Sing Tao Daily, one of the earliest newspapers in Hong Kong, formed the study sample This article also outlines the role and contribution of patent medicine advertisements in the history of advertising in Hong Kong, where they ushered in a new era of advertising sophistication and a new collection of techniques that are still in use as advertising strategies today The role and content of Hong Kong patent medicine advertisements were similar in many ways to those of the West, but Hong Kong did not experience the growth necessary to establish advertising until after the end of the Second World War when the society finally achieved economic stabilit

Tracing the Philosophy of Design in the Midst of the Cold War : Cases in the Sinophone Region

George Orwell, the English author of Animal Farm (1945), coined the term “cold war” in the post-Second World War period to describe the foreseeable condition of the two main geopolitical ideological divisions—the capitalists’ world and communists’ world. In the geographical context of the Sinophone region, four locales were on the frontier of the new political ideological contests in the East: the newly established communist regime of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the British capitalist crown colony of Hong Kong, the former Japanese colony of Taiwan under the rule of the retreated dictatorial mainland government, the Republic of China (ROC), and Macao, the centuries-old Portuguese colony. In this paper, I argue that related forms of design activity taking place during the 1950s and the 1960s means that it is the best historical period in which to investigate the emergence of four new and different cultural identities splitting from a common shared heritage in the region. These divergences led to the PRC’s imposition of the “One China” identity over Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao and the current uncompromising resistance to authoritarianism by the latter locales. In tracing the variances in the philosophy of design in the midst of the Cold War (1947–91), I refer to design as a variety of creative works ranging from arts and crafts to mass machine manufacturing for quotidian consumption. The study’s focus is the foundational concerns of design through a discussion of geopolitical design ideologies. The paper is organized into four main analytical sections representing the four locales—the PRC, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao—and disentangles the emergence of the four national design identities. In each section, I will examine the different conditions of design trends and artifacts produced at a time when design was often embedded with political goals and missions.Theme II : Design Philosoph

Love-hate Relationship with National Identity and Global Influences : A Brief Review of Design Education in the Sinophone Region

“Modern” design histories in the Sinophone context began developing in the late nineteenth century through the cultural translation of Western cultures. The term “design” itself has raised intricate questions that are currently under investigation, reflecting an interest in cultural translation of design and transnational studies within postcolonial studies. In this background, the author articulates the complexity of “national” identity and global influences in the development of design education from the 1950s onward in the Sinophone region, which includes the People’s Republic of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. Taking historical and transnational perspectives, this paper reviews what design educators in the region have struggled to learn from the “foreign barbarians” while establishing a “national” identity for political and pragmatic purposes as well as cultural and ethnic security needs. In the context of Sinophone design education, this paper aims to reveal the conflicting love-hate relationship between the notion of nationalism and the condition of Sinophone modernity. The author concludes this paper by illuminating conflicts and contradictions that arise in attitudes toward such embodiment in order to underline the role of design education in the construction of national design identities, our understanding of Sinophone modernity, and the cultural translation of design.Theme II : Transnational Design in and around Asi

A study of the pattern of settlement of the Chinese community in East London.

This thesis aims to study the pattern of settlement of the Chinese Community in the United Kingdom: taking samples mainly from the Chinese community in Tower Hamlets in East London. It examines in details the behavioural pattern and traditional values of the Chinese culture and the various sociological factors that may have influenced the Chinese people in their choice of places to settle. Various concepts and theories on ethnic minorities and the sociological issues of the Chinese community in London have been explored. I believe that it is impossible for us, as town planners, to plan for a society without a thorough understanding of the behaviour of its parts. The increased concern of planning (in housing and the local government generally) with ethnic minorities can be disastrous and dangerous if it is based on ill-defined stereotypes ignoring the great diversity of the various groups identified in the 1991 Census. One aim of the thesis is thus to explain some of the key features of one particular minority group - the Chinese. I believe it is an essential basis for better planning. I am interested in the Chinese community because with a population of around 57,000, it is the smallest ethnic minority group in the UK; hence very little attention has been paid to them. The reason for choosing Tower Hamlets is because it used to be home to the first Chinese immigrants. The London dock area around Tower Hamlets (as it is called today) was the first point of entry for a lot of the earlier Chinese settlers in the UK as many of them jumped ship and settled there

Comorbilidades no intrasmisibles como factores de riesgo a multidrogoresistencia en pacientes tuberculosos

EL OBJETIVO: fue establecer si las comorbilidades no transmisibles constituyen factores de riesgo a multidrogoresistencia en pacientes tuberculosos. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Investigación fue casos y controles, La población estuvo integra por 2737 pacientes con tuberculosis reportados como casos de TBC en los establecimientos de salud perteneciente a la Red de servicios de salud Trujillo entre el 2013 al 2017. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de diabetes mellitus en los individuos con TB MDR fue 7,5% y en individuos sin TB-MDR fue 9,0% sin diferencias estadísticas significativas ( p=0.475). El consumo de tabaquismo en individuos TB.MDR fue 10.4%, y en individuos no TB.MDR fue 3.7% sin diferencias estadísticas (p=0.061). El consumo de drogas ilícitas en los individuos TB.MDR fue 11.9%, y en individuos no TB.MDR fue 4.5% sin hallarse diferencias estadísticas (p=0.051). Al asociar los factores de riesgo con la Tuberculosis multidrogo resistente se halló que la diabetes mellitus tuvo un OR=0.82 (IC 95% 0.28 a 2,43), el tabaquismo alcanzó un OR=1.41 (IC 95% de 0.63 a 3.12), y el consumo de drogas ilegales obtuvo un OR=2.89 (IC95% de 0.96 a 8.71). CONCLUSIONES: La frecuencia de la diabetes mellitus en individuos con tuberculosis multidrogorresistente fue menor que en individuos no multidrogorresistente. La frecuencia de tabaquismo y consumo de drogas ilicitas en individuos con tuberculosis multidrogoresistente fue mayor que en individuos no multidrogoresistente, sin diferencias estadísticas.THE AIM: was to establish if non-communicable Comorbidities are risk factors for multi-drug resistance in tuberculosis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Research was case-control, the population was integrated by 2737 patients with tuberculosis reported as cases of TBC health facilities belonging to the network of health services in Trujillo between 2013 to 2017. RESULTS: The frequency of diabetes mellitus in patients with MDR TB was 7.5% and in individuals without MDR-TB was 9.0% without significant statistical differences (p = 0.475). The consumption of tobacco in individuals TB. MDR was 10.4%, and individuals not TB. MDR was 3.7% no statistical differences (p = 0.061). The consumption of illicit drugs in individuals TB. MDR was 11.9%, and individuals not TB. MDR was 4.5% non-find statistical differences (p = 0.051). Associated with Tuberculosis risk factors multi -drug resistant was found that diabetes mellitus had an OR = 0 82 (95% CI 0.28 to 2.43), smoking reached an OR = 1 41 (95% CI from 0.63 to 3.12), and the consumption of illegal drugs obtained an OR = 2 89 (95% CI from 0.96 to 8.71). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of diabetes mellitus in individuals with tuberculosis multidrogorresistente was lower than in individuals not multidrogorresistente. The frequency of smoking and in individuals with tuberculosis multidrogorresistente illicit drug use was higher than in individuals not multidrogorresistente, no statistical differences.Tesi

Making Trans/National Contemporary Design History

Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the International Committee for Design History and Design Studies

The Design of Early Childhood Teacher Education Programs: Australian Employer Perspectives with International Program Comparisons

Provision of quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) supports children’s learning with strong agreement that early childhood teachers (ECTs) are central to quality provision. In many countries, it is mandatory that ECEC services employ ECTs. However, Australian ECT employers report that early childhood graduates are not always well-prepared to work in ECEC settings. This may be because what constitutes optimal early childhood initial teacher education programs (EC ITE) is unclear. To investigate the design of EC ITE programs this research reports on (i) design of EC ITE programs across international contexts; and (ii) 19 Australian ECT employers’ perspectives on EC ITE program design. Findings indicate little consensus on the design of EC ITE programs, with inconsistencies across and within countries. Australian employers identified shortcomings in graduates knowledge. This research highlights recommendations to understand how programs prepare ECTs, by conducting research tracking preservice teachers from EC ITE programs into ECEC teaching

Paul Wittgenstein in Great Britain

Most of the existing research on Paul Wittgenstein (1887–1961) focuses on his performing career in central Europe as a left-hand pianist and his commissions from the most prominent composers of the 20th century such as Richard Strauss and Maurice Ravel, and his favourite composer, Franz Schmidt. His British performing career and the compositions Ernest Walker, Norman Demuth and Benjamin Britten composed for and dedicated to him, however, remain relatively unexplored. By examining a variety of primary sources that are disclosed here for the first time, this thesis offers the first scholarly research into Wittgenstein’s performing activities in Great Britain in the 1920s–50s and his British commissions in order to fill a major research gap in Wittgenstein studies. Chapter 1 explores Wittgenstein’s self-recognition as a member of the Viennese aristocracy and the shaping of his musical identity, conception and taste, followed by an overview of the related primary sources that are currently located in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom, a detailed summary of his performing activities in Great Britain and a discussion of the British reception of him as a left-hand pianist. Chapter 2 focuses on Walker and the three compositions he wrote for piano left-hand, two of which he composed before meeting Wittgenstein and one after, and the pianist’s attitude towards them. Chapter 3 brings to light the much-neglected composer Demuth and the two works he composed for Wittgenstein and discusses possible reasons why the pianist never performed them. Chapter 4 examines Wittgenstein’s first and only official British commission, the Diversions, Op. 21 by Britten, and investigates the interaction between composer and pianist in the compositional process and their differing conceptions of the work