Erwerbsverläufe in Deutschland, Großbritannien und Schweden : Ähnlichkeiten, Unterschiede und Veränderungen über die Zeit

This paper aims to provide a descriptive analysis of the changing patterns of labour market participation, non-participation and unemployment in Great Britain, Sweden and Germany. Since the mid 1970s, most European countries have experienced two parallel developments: on the one hand they have witnessed a huge growth in the proportion of women participating on the labour market. On the other however, they have experienced the return of mass unemployment and a growing insecurity of employment for those in work. In this paper, a typology of work histories is constructed using decade periods. Retrospective and panel data from Germany, Britain and Sweden are then used to compare the effects of different employment and welfare regimes on the proportions of respondents with different types of work histories and how these are combined with unemployment

Three Dimensional Raman Cooling using Velocity Selective Rapid Adiabatic Passage

We present a new and efficient implementation of Raman cooling of trapped atoms. It uses Raman pulses with an appropriate frequency chirp to realize a velocity selective excitation through a rapid adiabatic passage. This method allows to address in a single pulse a large number of non zero atomic velocity classes and it produces a nearly unity transfer efficiency. We demonstrate this cooling method using cesium atoms in a far-detuned crossed dipole trap. Three-dimensional cooling of $1 \times 10^{5}$ atoms down to $2 \mu$K is performed in 100 ms. In this preliminary experiment the final atomic density is $1.3\times 10^{12}$ at/cm$^3$ (within a factor of 2) and the phase-space density increase over the uncooled sample is 20. Numerical simulations indicate that temperatures below the single photon recoil temperature should be achievable with this method.Comment: OSA TOPS on Ultracold Atoms and BEC 7 (1997) 5

Evaluation of a Novel Anti-Mucin 1 (MUC1) Antibody (PankoMab) as a Potential Diagnostic Tool in Human Ductal Breast Cancer; Comparison with Two Established Antibodies

Aim: PankoMab is a novel antibody that recognizes a tumor-specific epitope of Mucin 1 (MUC1). The aim of this study was the evaluation of PankoMab as a potential diagnostic tool and its comparison with two established antibodies against MUC1 in human ductal breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Breast carcinomas were obtained from 82 patients. MUC1 expression and hormone receptor status were determined by immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded material. Results: PankoMab revealed strong correlation to hormone receptor expression. DF3 showed no correlation with grading, lymph node involvement and/or estrogen receptor (ER) expression. In the subgroup of lymph node-positive and ER-negative tumors, we saw a significantly reduced DF3 staining in G3 tumors compared to G2 tumors. VU-4-H5 showed increased staining intensity in correlation with increased grading. In addition, we also identified a significantly higher expression of the VU-4-H5 epitope in lymph node-positive carcinomas compared to carcinomas without lymph node involvement. Conclusion: PankoMab revealed strong correlation to hormone receptor expression in ductal carcinoma of the breast. VU-4-H5 showed increased staining intensity in correlation with increased grading and lymph node involvement. PankoMab and VU-4-H5 staining could be a useful combination in ductal breast cancer prognosis by immunohistochemistry

The influence of 17β-estradiol benzoate on weight and celIularity of rat lymphoid tissue and peripheral blood

The effects of l7β-estradiol benzoate (E2) upon weight and cellularity of thymus, spleen and Ln. iliaci mediales (LLN), peripheral white blood cell parameters as well as T and B lymphocyte distribution were studied in vehicle- and E2-injected, ovariectomized female Lewis rats. The effects seen by E2 administration were a decrease in weight and cellularity of thymus and spleen while LLN weight and cell counts showed no significant differences between the groups. Circulating leukocytecounts exhibited a moderate decrease in Ez-injected animals. On the other side the distribution of pan T, T helper, T cytotoxiC/suppressor and B lymphocytes in the examined organs and peripheral blood was not affected by 17β-estradiol benzoate treatment. In conclusion, the present results suggest that 17B-estradiol benzoate reduces weight and cellularity of thymus and spleen while Lnn. iliaci mediales, peripheral white blood cell counts and the distribution of lymphocytesurface markers of the examined lymphoid tissue were only weakly to moderately influenced by E2 administration to ovariectomized female Lewis rats

Hard constraints for grammatical function labelling

For languages with (semi-) free word order (such as German), labelling grammatical functions on top of phrase-structural constituent analyses is crucial for making them interpretable. Unfortunately, most statistical classifiers consider only local information for function labelling and fail to capture important restrictions on the distribution of core argument functions such as subject, object etc., namely that there is at most one subject (etc.) per clause. We augment a statistical classifier with an integer linear program imposing hard linguistic constraints on the solution space output by the classifier, capturing global distributional restrictions. We show that this improves labelling quality, in particular for argument grammatical functions, in an intrinsic evaluation, and, importantly, grammar coverage for treebankbased (Lexical-Functional) grammar acquisition and parsing, in an extrinsic evaluation

Expression of defensins in non-infected araneomorph spiders

Defensins are a major family of antimicrobial peptides found throughout the phylogenetic tree. From the spider species: Cupiennius salei, Phoneutria reidyi, Polybetes pythagoricus, Tegenaria atrica, and Meta menardi, defensins belonging to the ‘ancestral' class of invertebrate defensins were cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences contain the characteristic six cysteines of this class of defensins and reveal precursors of 60 or 61 amino acid residues. The mature peptides consist of 37 amino acid residues, showing up to 70% identities with tick and scorpion defensins. In C. salei, defensin mRNA was found to be constitutively expressed in hemocytes, ovaries, subesophageal nerve mass, hepatopancreas, and muscle tissue. This is the first report presenting and comparing antimicrobial peptides belonging to the family of defensins from spider

The dynamics of labour market participation, unemployment and non participation in Great Britain, Germany and Sweden : similarities, differences and changes over time

Überarbeitete Version des Arbeitspapiers "The dynamics of labour market participation, unemployment and non-participation in Great Britain, Sweden and Germany" / Wolfgang Strengmann-Kuhn. [Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre]This paper aims to provide a descriptive analysis of the changing patterns of labour market participation, non-participation and unemployment in Great Britain, Sweden and Germany. Since the mid 1970s, most European countries have experienced two parallel developments: on the one hand they have witnessed a huge growth in the proportion of women participating on the labour market. On the other however, they have experienced the return of mass unemployment and a growing insecurity of employment for those in work. In this paper, a typology of work histories is constructed using decade periods. Retrospective and panel data from Germany, Britain and Sweden are then used to compare the effects of different employment and welfare regimes on the proportions of respondents with different types of work histories and how these are combined with unemployment

Surround inhibition can instantly be modulated by changing the attentional focus

To further investigate the mechanism of surround inhibition (SI) and to determine whether adopting different attentional strategies might have an impact on the modulation of SI, the effects of adopting an external (EF) or internal focus of attention (IF) on SI and motor performance were investigated. While performing an index flexion with either an EF or IF, transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied at various time points in 14 healthy subjects. When adopting an EF compared to an IF, the results show an improved motor performance (+14.7% in MVC) and a reduced bEMG in the adjacent APB (−22.3%) during maximal index flexion. This was accompanied by an increased SI in the APB with an EF (+26.4%). Additionally, the decrease in bEMG correlated with the magnitude of SI in APB. The current results demonstrate an efficient way to modulate SI by changing the attentional focus in healthy subjects and might, at least in part, explain the better motor performance being associated with an EF. The present findings help to better understand the positive mechanisms of an EF on SI in the healthy motor system and may also points towards a treatment strategy in pathologies with disturbed SI such as focal hand dystonia

Armutsanalysen mit dem Mikrozensus?

"Ausgehend von den grundsätzlichen Möglichkeiten, Armut in empirischen Analysen zu definieren, werden die Vor- und Nachteile des Mikrozensus im Vergleich zu anderen in Frage kommenden Datensätzen diskutiert. Der wesentliche Nachteil anderer Datensätze ist die vermeintliche Unterrepräsentierung armer Bevölkerungsgruppen. Der wesentliche Nachteil des Mikrozensus ist die ungenaue Messung des Einkommens. Unter anderem deswegen sind Armutsanalysen, die auf dem Mikrozensus beruhen, in der Armutsforschung (bisher) kaum zu finden. Es wird aber gezeigt, daß es trotz dieser eingeschränkten Information über das Einkommen möglich ist, annäherungsweise eine Armutsgrenze zu bestimmen und eine Armutspopulation mit dem Mikrozensus zu identifizieren. Die daraus resultierenden Ergebnisse in bezug auf Ausmaß und Zusammensetzung der Armut in Deutschland werden dann mit Ergebnissen des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) verglichen. Dabei zeigt sich, daß die Armutsquote im Mikrozensus höher ist als im SOEP. Was die Zusammensetzung der Armutspopulation angeht, ergeben sich jedoch nur geringe Unterschiede. Aufgrund der ungenauen Armutsmessung sind Armutsanalysen mit dem Mikrozensus nur eingeschränkt möglich. Er kann jedoch genutzt werden, um Ergebnisse, die mit anderen Datenquellen erzielt wurden, auf deren Repräsentativität zu überprüfen. Darüber hinaus bietet der Mikrozensus aufgrund seiner Fallzahl die Möglichkeit von sehr differenzierten Analysen, die mit anderen Datensätzen so nicht machbar sind. Dies wird an dem Beispiel der regionalen Verteilung von Armut in Deutschland dargestellt." (Autorenreferat)"At first based on the general possibilities of poverty measurement, the possibilities of poverty measurement with the German 'Mikrozensus' and the advantages and disadvantages comparing to other data Sets will be discussed. The main disadvantage of other data sets is the presumed underestimating of poor households. On the other band, the main disadvantage of the 'Mikrozensus' is the imprecise measurement of income. Nevertheless, it will be shown that an approximate estimation of poverty is possible. The results of this procedure will be compared with results - calculating with the same method - from the data set that is mostly used for poverty research in Germany, the German Socio Economic Panel (GSOEP). The comparison shows that indeed the poverty rate based an the 'Mikrozensus' is higher than the comparable rate based an the GSOEP. On the other hand, the structure of the poverty population is only slightly different. Nevertheless, it must be said that poverty research with the 'Mikrozensus' is only possible in a restricted sense. However, it can, firstly, be used to check results based an other data sets, where one can have doubts about the representativeness. Secondly, because the large case number the 'Mikrozensus' can be used for analyses of smaller subpopulations, which are not possible with other data sets. This will be described with the example of regional distribution of poverty." (author's abstract