Diagnosis of venous incompetence inerectile dysfunction

In 26 of 214 patients with erectile dysfunction and proved venous incompetence by cavernosography, an additional bidirectional Doppler ultrasound was performed also to demonstrate venous outflow disturbances. All except one leakage in the superficial and deep dorsal veins could be demonstrated as well as 4 of 6 cavernosum-glandular shunts. Bidirectional Doppler ultrasound visualized a continuous retrograde blood flow from the sulcus coronarius to the root of the penis in superficial and deep dorsal penile veins as well as in ectopic penile veins, an orthograde blood flow in the sulcus coronarius in cavernosum-glandular shunt

Interacting electrons in polygonal quantum dots

The low-lying eigenstates of a system of two electrons confined within a two-dimensional quantum dot with a hard polygonal boundary are obtained by means of exact diagonalization. The transition from a weakly correlated charge distribution for small dots to a strongly correlated "Wigner molecule" for large dots is studied, and the behaviour at the crossover is determined. In sufficiently large dots, a recently proposed mapping to an effective charge-spin model is investigated, and is found to produce the correct ordering of the energy levels and to give a good first approximation to the size of the level spacings. We conclude that this approach is a valuable method to obtain the low energy spectrum of few-electron quantum dots

Transverse Momentum Dependent Fragmentation and Quark Distribution Functions from the NJL-jet Model

Using the model of Nambu and Jona-Lasinio to provide a microscopic description of both the structure of the nucleon and of the quark to hadron elementary fragmentation functions, we investigate the transverse momentum dependence of the unpolarized quark distributions in the nucleon and of the quark to pion and kaon fragmentation functions. The transverse momentum dependence of the fragmentation functions is determined within a Monte Carlo framework, with the notable result that the average $P_\perp^2$ of the produced kaons is significantly larger than that of the pions. We also find that has a sizable $z$ dependence, in contrast with the naive Gaussian ansatz for the fragmentation functions. Diquark correlations in the nucleon give rise to a non-trivial flavor dependence in the unpolarized transverse momentum dependent quark distribution functions. The of the quarks in the nucleon are also found to have a sizable $x$ dependence. Finally, these results are used as input to a Monte Carlo event generator for semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS), which is used to determine the average transverse momentum squared of the produced hadrons measured in SIDIS, namely $$. Again we find that the average $P_T^2$ of the produced kaons in SIDIS is significantly larger than that of the pions and in each case \la P_T^2 \ra has a sizable $z$ dependence.Comment: 13 pages, 17 figures, v2: minor revisions to conform with the published version in Phys.Rev.

Bone sarcoma cumulative tumor rates in patients injected with 224Ra

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Passive decoy state quantum key distribution: Closing the gap to perfect sources

We propose a quantum key distribution scheme which closely matches the performance of a perfect single photon source. It nearly attains the physical upper bound in terms of key generation rate and maximally achievable distance. Our scheme relies on a practical setup based on a parametric downconversion source and present-day, non-ideal photon-number detection. Arbitrary experimental imperfections which lead to bit errors are included. We select decoy states by classical post-processing. This allows to improve the effective signal statistics and achievable distance.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. State preparation correcte

Public Channel Cryptography: Chaos Synchronization and Hilbert's Tenth Problem

The synchronization process of two mutually delayed coupled deterministic chaotic maps is demonstrated both analytically and numerically. The synchronization is preserved when the mutually transmitted signal is concealed by two commutative private filters that are placed on each end of the communication channel. We demonstrate that when the transmitted signal is a convolution of the truncated time delayed output signals or some powers of the delayed output signals synchronization is still maintained. The task of a passive attacker is mapped onto Hilbert's tenth problem, solving a set of nonlinear Diophantine equations, which was proven to be in the class of NP-Complete problems. This bridge between two different disciplines, synchronization in nonlinear dynamical processes and the realm of the NPC problems, opens a horizon for a new type of secure public-channel protocols