Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020

We show the distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) genetic clades over time and between countries and outline potential genomic surveillance objectives. We applied three genomic nomenclature systems to all sequence data from the World Health Organization European Region available until 10 July 2020. We highlight the importance of real-time sequencing and data dissemination in a pandemic situation, compare the nomenclatures and lay a foundation for future European genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2

Population-Referenced Percentiles for Waist-Worn Accelerometer-Derived Total Activity Counts in U.S. Youth: 2003 – 2006 NHANES

<div><p>Background</p><p>The total activity volume performed is an overall measure that takes into account the frequency, intensity, and duration of activities performed. The importance of considering total activity volume is shown by recent studies indicating that light physical activity (LPA) and intermittent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) have health benefits. Accelerometer-derived total activity counts (TAC) per day from a waist-worn accelerometer can serve as a proxy for an individual's total activity volume. The purpose of this study was to develop age- and gender-specific percentiles for daily TAC, minutes of MVPA, and minutes of LPA in U.S. youth ages 6 – 19 y.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Data from the 2003 – 2006 NHANES waist-worn accelerometer component were used in this analysis. The sample was composed of youth aged 6 – 19 years with at least 4 d of ≥ 10 hours of accelerometer wear time (<i>N</i> = 3698). MVPA was defined using age specific cutpoints as the total number of minutes at ≥4 metabolic equivalents (METs) for youth 6 – 17 y or minutes with ≥2020 counts for youth 18 – 19 y. LPA was defined as the total number of minutes between 100 counts and the MVPA threshold. TAC/d, MVPA, and LPA were averaged across all valid days.</p><p>Results</p><p>For males in the 50^th percentile, the median activity level was 441,431 TAC/d, with 53 min/d of MVPA and 368 min/d of LPA. The median level of activity for females was 234,322 TAC/d, with 32 min/d of MVPA and 355 min/d of LPA.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Population referenced TAC/d percentiles for U.S. youth ages 6-19 y provide a novel means of characterizing the total activity volume performed by children and adolescents.</p></div

Waist-worn actigraphy: Population-referenced percentiles for total activity counts in U.S. adults

Background: Accelerometer-derived total activity count is a measure of total physical activity (PA) volume. The purpose of this study was to develop age- and gender-specific percentiles for daily total activity counts (TAC), minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and minutes of light physical activity (LPA) in U.S. adults. Methods: Waist-worn accelerometer data from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for this analysis. The sample included adults ≥20 years with ≥10 hours accelerometer wear time on ≥4 days (N = 6093). MVPA and LPA were defined as the number of 1-minute epochs with counts ≥2020 and 100 to 2019, respectively. TAC represented the activity counts acquired daily. TAC, MVPA, and LPA were averaged across valid days to produce a daily mean. Results: Males in the 50th percentile accumulated 288 140 TAC/day, with 357 and 22 minutes/day spent in LPA and MVPA, respectively. The median for females was 235 741 TAC/ day, with 349 and 12 minutes/day spent in LPA and MVPA, respectively. Conclusions: Population-referenced TAC percentiles reflect the total volume of PA, expressed relative to other adults. This is a different approach to accelerometer data reduction that complements the current method of looking at time spent in intensity subcategories

Total activity counts and bouted minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: Relationships with cardiometabolic biomarkers using 2003-2006 NHANES

Purpose: To contrast associations of accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) accumulated in bouts and total activity counts (TAC) with cardiometabolic biomarkers in U.S. adults. Methods: Using 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, the sample was comprised of adults ≥ 20 years, not pregnant or lactating, with self-reported PA and at least 4 days of ≥ 10 hours accelerometer wear time (N = 5668). Bouted MVPA represented the minutes/day with ≥ 2020 counts/minute in bouts of 10 minutes or longer and TAC represented the total activity counts per day. Biomarkers included: cholesterol, triglyceride, glycohemoglobin, plasma glucose, C-peptide, insulin, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and skinfolds. Nested regression models were conducted which regressed each biomarker on bouted MVPA and TAC simultaneously, while adjusting for relevant covariates. Results: Results indicated TAC was more strongly associated with 11 biomarkers: HDL-C, triglyceride, plasma glucose, C-peptide, insulin, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, and subscapular skinfold. Bouted MVPA, however, only displayed stronger associations with BMI. Conclusions: The total volume of physical activity, represented by TAC, appears to have stronger associations with cardiometabolic biomarkers than MVPA accumulated in bouts

Relationship of accelerometer-derived physical activity levels and age, for males (A) and females (B), 6 – 19 years of age in the 50^th percentile: 2003 – 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

<p><u>Note:</u> Data are expressed as percent change from the values seen in 6-year old children.</p

Percentiles of daily total activity counts per day for young males (A) and females (B), 6 – 19 years of age: 2003 – 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

<p><u>Note:</u> Data were obtained with ActiGraph model 7164 worn at the waist.</p

Percentiles of daily minutes of light physical activity for males (A) and females (B), 6 – 19 years of age: 2003 – 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

<p><u>Note:</u> Data were obtained with ActiGraph model 7164 worn at the waist.</p

Percentiles of daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for young males (A) and females (B), 6 – 19 years of age: 2003 – 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

<p><u>Note:</u> Data were obtained with ActiGraph model 7164 worn at the waist.</p

Accelerometer-derived total activity counts, bouted minutes of moderate to vigorous activity, and insulin resistance: NHANES 2003-2006

Introduction The objective of this study was to compare the associations of accelerometer- derived total activity counts per day and minutes of bouted moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with insulin resistance. Methods The sample included 2,394 adults (aged ≥20 y) from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Time spent in MVPA, measured by using 2 cutpoints (≥2,020 counts/min [MVPA2,020] and ≥760 counts/min [MVPA760]), was calculated for bouts of at least 8 to 10 minutes. Total activity counts per day reflects the total amount of activity across all intensities. Insulin resistance was measured via the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Two nested regression models regressed HOMA-IR and QUICKI, respectively, on minutes of bouted MVPA and total activity counts per day. We used an adjusted Wald F statistic to illustrate strength of association. Results After adjustment for covariates, total activity counts per day was more strongly associated with both HOMA-IR (adjusted Wald F = 36.83, P \u3c .001) and QUICKI (adjusted Wald F = 29.44, P \u3c .001) compared with MVPA2,020 (HOMA-IR, adjusted Wald F = 4.00, P = .06; QUICKI, adjusted Wald F = 1.08, P = .31).Total activity counts per day was more strongly associated with both HOMA-IR (adjusted Wald F = 13.64, P \u3c .001) and QUICKI (adjusted Wald F = 12.10, P \u3c .001) compared with MVPA760 (HOMA-IR, adjusted Wald F = 1.13, P = .30; QUICKI, adjusted Wald F = 0.97, P = .33)