The role of surgery for peptic ulcer in eastern Ethiopia

This was a retrospective study of 90 patients operated on for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in Karamara Hospital, Ethiopia, between 1st April 1994 and 31st March 1995. Seventy-eight patients were admitted with a preliminary diagnosis of gastric outlet obstruction secondary to PUD (86%) and 12 as intractable PUD.The diagnosis was based solely on the history and physical examination as neither barium meal fluoroscopy nor endoscopy were available. At operation a scarred duodenum and a large stomach were found in 71 patients (79%), an active ulcer without stenosis in 10, and a stenosed duodenum with mesenteric tubercles in two. In three, there were no abnormal findings.There were four patients under 20 years old and seven over 60. The  peak-age was 39 years. There were 88 males and only two females. Truncal vagotomy with gastrojejunostomy was the operation performed for 84 cases of PUD. An accurate diagnosis had been made by clinical examination in 82 out of 90 patients. Twenty-one patients (23%) suffered early postoperative complications with pneumonia as the commonest (7). The only two 'ulcer related complications' were one case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and intractable postoperative vomiting in one patient.It is interesting that, during the twelve months surveyed, no patients presented with either bleeding or with perforation. No late complications or deaths occurred during the study period or the following three months.Keywords: peptic ulcer, Ethiopi

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Ethiopia’s Succession in Hydro-legal Prominence: A Script in Legal History of Diplomatic Confront (1957-2013)

This article argues that within the system of international law, while Ethiopia’s equitable right of access to resources of the Nile is recognized as a matter of settled principle, the law’s actual working is a coefficient of prior hydraulic measures adopted on the ground rather than mere articulation of legal norms, diplomatic civility or altercations. I also submit that the system of international law still remains vital in resolving transboundary water issues, and yet, the mechanics of law could not function optimally outside of power politic, diplomatic dexterity and sincere commitment to the fundamental values it upholds. In this light, and against a backdrop of Ethiopia’s relegated position in the second half of the twentieth century, the paper concludes that today the country’s relative renaissance in the Nile legal politics - which for the first time captured serious downstream interest in riparian negotiations - is attributed not to a change in the pertinence of the norms of international law nor to any altruistic revision of positions in the lower reaches of the river, but rather to its belated awakening in pursuing the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) as a national project of multifarious impact.Key terms: The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Nile water resources development, Nile, legal diplomacy, Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan

Effect of Different Blended Fertilizer Formulation on Yield and Yield Components of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Siyadebrenawayu District, North Shewa, Ethiopia

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia. However, the yield of the crop is low mainly due to low soil fertility and poor soil fertility management practices. Field experiment was conducted during 2017 cropping season in Siyadebrenawayu district , central Ethiopia with the objective to evaluate the effect of different blended fertilizer formulation of S, B, Zn and K on yield and yield components of bread wheat. The 14 treatments used for the field experiment were (1) control, (2) recommended NP(175 kgha-1N+125 kgha-1 P2O5), (3) S1(10.5 kgha-1), (4) S2(15.75 kgha-1), (5) S3(21 kgha-1), (6) S1B1(10.35 S, 0.15B) kgha-1, (7) S2B2(15.5 S, 1.5B) kgha-1, (8) S3B3(20.7 S, 3B) kgha-1, (9) S1B1Zn1 (11.1S, 0.15B, 3.3Zn) kgha-1, (10) S2B2Zn2(16.65S, 1.5B, 4.95Zn) kgha-1, (11) S3B3Zn3(22.2S, 3B, 6.6Zn) kgha-1,(12) S1B1 Zn1K1 (11.1S, 0.15B, 3.3Zn, 50K) kgha-1, (13) S2B2Zn2K2 (16,65S, 1.5B, 4.95Zn, 100K) kgha-1and (14) S3B3Zn3K3(22.2S, 3B, 6.6Zn, 150K) kg ha-1. The recommended NP fertilizers are equally applied to all treatments except control. The experiment was conducted in randomize complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on yield and yield components. Yield and yield components of bread wheat was significantly affected by the treatments except 1000-grain weight. The highest above ground dry biomass yield (14.29 tha-1), highest grain yield (5.77 tha-1) and straw yield (8.51 tha-1) was recorded from additional application of S, B, and Zn at T9 (NPS1B1Zn1). The application of blended fertilizer NPS1B1Zn1 increased the straw and grain yield by 35.45% and 19% respectively as compared to the recommended NP fertilizer. The highest net return (58443ETB ha-1) with (MRR %) 742.18 was obtained with application of blended fertilizer NPS1B1Zn1. It is clearly observed from collected data and soil analysis that application of K fertilizer is not responsive in study area but, S, B and Zn application at the minimum rate is responsive and economically feasible. Therefore, application of blended fertilizer NPS1B1Zn1 (175 kgha-1N+125 kgha-1P2O5+11.1 kgha-1S+3.3 kgha-1 Zn+0.15 kg ha-1 B) can be recommended for higher yield particularly in the study area and it is also economically feasible. Keywords: Biomass yield, blended fertilizer, economic feasibility, grain yield DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/9-15-02 Publication date: August 31st 201

Ethiopia Legal Frame Work Regarding Compensation for Wrongful Conviction

Due to the fallibility of criminal justice system a lot of individuals are being wrongful convicted throughout the world. For instance wrong full convictions occur in1 to5 percent of all conviction in USA.[1] No criminal justice system can avoid wrongful conviction.  Wrongful convictions have a terrible and irreparable impact on the innocent defendant or on his family. However it would be worse, if the victim of wrongful conviction is not compensated. Countries give compensation to make the damage good. However cannot give back what the victim has lost due to wrongful conviction or cannot restore the victim to the previous position perfectly.In Ethiopia compensation for wrongful convictions is a legal issue which has yet to find a solution for those who the government has denied to pay compensation for the damage such wrongful conviction brought to their lives. Ethiopia has signed an international convention in favor of paying compensation to the persons who have been wrongfully convicted. However the federal and the regional state legislatures have not implemented efficient statutory provisions to comply with such commitment. In the absence of a statute how the government should respond to this situation of granting compensation to the wrongly convicted person.? Since there is no certainty in how our legal system would respond to the issue of compensating victim of wrongful conviction. It is important to  explores the available  alternatives in order to find a legal mechanism that gives justice to the victims of legal system.  To this end the writer discusses the meaning, causes and impact of wrongful conviction, and analyze the legal frame work  of compensation for wrongful conviction in Ethiopia and forward the proposed solution. Keywords: wrongful conviction, miscarriage of justice, compensation, exoneration. [1] BRITTNAY LEA-ANDRA MORGAN9( 2014): WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS: REASONS, REMEDIES, AND CASE STUDIES  PP2

The Impact of Internationalization on Performance in Hybrid Organizations

Papers I - III are excluded from the dissertation until they will be published.With the growing demand for socially and environmentally conscious products and services, hybrid organizations that address social and environmental issues with a market-based solution are gaining widespread significance (Haigh et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2012; Hockerts, 2015). Hybrid organizations, or “social enterprises” or “the fourth sector” as they are sometimes called, appear to present a sustainable solution to a myriad of social causes such as unemployment, poor health, illiteracy, etc. (Haigh and Hoffman, 2011; Battilana and Lee, 2014). Hybrid organizations are an innovative solution to the institutional voids arising from governments facing resource constraints and unable to sustainably address the scores of social problems seen around the world (Mair and Marti, 2009). In this regard, hybrid organizations are of interest to policymakers, investors, and scholars worldwide. In particular, policymakers are increasingly adjusting legal frameworks to accommodate the hybrid organization model (Brakman Reiser and Dean, 2017). Global impact investors (investors seeking both social and financial returns) are increasingly investing in hybrid organizations (Bugg-Levine, Kogut, and Kulatilaka, 2012), and recent reports show that the global market size of these investors is worth more than $700 billion US dollars (Financial Times, 2020). Scholars, particularly international business scholars, are also calling for more research on hybrid organizations, as evidenced by the recent special issue of the Journal of World Business (Alon et al., 2020).publishedVersio

Assessment of Tracing Family Members of HIV Positive People for HIV Testing and Associated Factors among ART Clinic Attendants at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Background: When there is a person in the household infected with HIV the family members will be at risk of horizontal and vertical transmission of the virus to partners and children respectively. Therefore, family members of HIV positive individuals should be aware of their status through HIV testing to take prevention measures and if they were already infected should get HIV care and treatment service early before the disease progresses to AIDS case. Research conducted in different countries about tracing family members for HIV test showed high acceptance rate (>90%) with high prevalence and interventional study in 26 health centers in Ethiopia showed success of tracing 59% of family members for HIV test.Objective: The objective of the study is assessing HIV testing status of family members of patients attending ART clinic in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Amhara region, Ethiopia and to identify associated factors for tracing families for HIV testing.Methodology: Institution based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted at Bahir Dar, Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital from September 12 - October 15, 2013. Data was collected after 10% of the sample pretested and correction made on the structured questionnaire. Systematic random sampling technique was used considering the daily patient flow, duration of the study period and inclusion and exclusion criteria. The collected data was entered into Epi info software and analysis was carried out using SPSS version 16. Logistic Regression was carried out to identify variable which have association.Result: A total of 422 clients were involved to the study whose mean age was 36.0 ±8.5 years and among them 64.6% were females. Participants of the study responded for 1308 of their family members’ status and 971(74.2%) of the family members were tested for HIV. Of which 290 were spouses, 559 were children and 122 were other individuals living with index cases in the same household. Participants living near the hospital traced their family members 3.49 (95% CI 1.296-9.426) times more likely than participants living far away from the health hospital and participants who had discussion about HIV with their families traced 2.81(95% CI 1.035-7.638) times for HIV testing more likely than participants who did not discuss about HIV status and testing.Conclusion and Recommendation: Tracing family members was high among ART clients in the hospital and many children and adults were traced and tested for HIV. However, there were many untested partners, children and other individuals living with index cases and tracing and testing should be strengthened and assessing family members HIV status and advices on prevention measures and treatments should be routinely carried out in order to control HIV transmission and save the lives of people at risk. Keywords: ART, HIV, Tracin

The Nile Basin Initiative and the Cooperative Framework Agreement: failing institutional enterprises? A Script in legal history of the Diplomatic Confront (1993–2016)

Nearly two decades since its inception, the Transitional Mechanism of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) has been credited for fulfilling several components of its institutional undertaking –building an atmosphere of trust and dialogue among riparian states. Yet, the negotiations pursued under the auspices of the NBI have failed to realize one of organization’s most fundamental missions: establishing a permanent legal framework and institution ‘acceptable’ to all states across the basin. The diplomatic enterprise leading to the adoption of the Agreement on the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework (CFA) was beset by multifaceted challenges. I argue that in spite of the unparalleled heights in cooperative dialogues that were largely depicted as a ‘political triumph’ from upstream perspective, the legal and hydro–political discourse leading to the CFA’s final framing failed to mollify the ‘expectations’ of two key stake–holding states: Egypt and Sudan. This preordained an existential threat to the institutional future of the NBI itself and the noble objectives it sought to realize.  All the same, the organizational predicament in the basin also evinced that the Nile riparian states have little choice but to revive the ‘dwindling’ momentum and ensure that the NBI’s undertaking is concluded in an ‘inclusive’ and ‘equitable’ manner. Else, this author submits, the alternative would not only present a bleak future from the point of view of cooperation and optimum development of the Nile resources, over the long range, it also stifles the basin states’ enduring riverine interests.Keywords: Nile Basin Initiative, Nile River Cooperative Framework, Negotiations history of the CFA, Legal positions of Ethiopia, Egypt and Sudan, Future of the NB

Production Scenarios of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia

Mango production covers 35% of the total acreage allotted for fruit production in Harari Regional State, eastern Ethiopia. However, there is a declining trend in yield and quality of fruits from the trees. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the status, practices and challenges of mango production in the study area. Interviews were made taking 70 mango growers selected purposively in the major mango growing areas of the region using semi-structured questionnaire from 2012 to 2013. The results indicated that 50% of the households have few mango trees, 10-20 trees that are from seedling in origin derived from very few trees that were introduced from abroad via missionaries and traders a century ago. As a result, wide variations were observed in phenotypic features of trees within a farm as well as throughout the study area. In total, 39 distinct eco-types were recorded. Input shortage (water, fertilizer and pesticide), lack of improved technologies, pests (especially fruit fly and anthracnose), postharvest loss and poor marketing were the major problems specified by the growers. Therefore, focus should be given in improving the production, productivity and marketing of the crop in order to utilize the available and adaptable mango eco-types which are on the verge of disappearance

Prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems : pitfalls and practices among secondary school learners in Ethiopia

The prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems in secondary school adolescents is regarded as widely spread globally. Their effects/pitfalls are also a concern that cannot be ignored. Thus, this study dealt with this issue among adolescents, as well as with pitfalls and practices of secondary schools in Ethiopia, with particular focus on East Showa Administrative Zone of Oromiya National Regional state. Consequently, the study intended to: -examine what social competence problems (activity problems, social activities problems and academic performance problems) are experienced by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia. -determine the relationship between sex groups and social competence problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia. -examine the trends of emotional/internalising and behavioural/externalising problems among secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia. -determine the relationship displayed between sex groups and emotional/internalising and behavioural/externalising problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia. -examine the relationship display between age groups and emotional/internalising and behavioural/externalising problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia. -comprehend the relationship among social competence problems and syndrome problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia. To address the objectives of the study, a descriptive survey and correlational study were employed. To achieve this target, the Amharic and the Afan-Oromo versions of Achenbach’s (2001) youth self-report (YSR) were used to collect data from 714 research participants of secondary school adolescents out of 27,643 in the East Showa Administrative Zone of Oromiya Regional State-Ethiopia, from 8 secondary schools. In analysing the data, basic descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, percentiles and T-scores as well as ANOVA were employed. In general, the results of the study demonstrated that the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems of Ethiopian secondary school adolescents was relatively lower (about 9%) in comparison to many other countries. Moreover, girls showed more internalising problems (11.58%) than boys (9.63%) and vice versa in externalising problems. Consequently, girls accounted for 8.6% who fell into a clinical category whereas amongst boys, 14.83% were classified into such as category. In contrary to the other findings males were scored higher than females in withdrawal/depressed subscales (4.23% and 2.74% respectively). Furthermore, statistically significant relationships between academic competences with activities, social activities, somatic complaints, social problems and externalising problems were discovered. Fulfilling and rendering appropriate guidance and counselling services in the schools comprised the first dimension of the recommendations of this work. Furthermore, establishing school based mental health services to alleviate the problems is another key point of the recommendation to assist adolescents with emotional and behavioural problems in secondary schools of Ethiopia.PsychologyPh. D. (Psychology

The Role of Regulatory and Customary Institutions to Access Farmland by Rural Youth in Rural Sidama and Gedeo: The Case of Dara and Wenago Weredas, SNNPR, Ethiopia

The right to use and/or control over land is central to the lives of rural populations where the main sources of livelihoods are derived from land. Access to land may not be easily understood outside of institutional settings as they are influential factors and land is also a natural asset in which its access is filtered through institutions. This article, therefore, explores the role of customary and statutory institutions and their contributions to ensure access of rural youth to farmland in the context of Gedeo and Sidama. Qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated by taking both youth and key informants as the main sources of information. The findings of the study show a somewhat ‘pessimistic’ picture to shed light on the hitherto neglected role of informal institutions to support the formal ones in land and related matters. Customary and regulatory institutions were observed ‘conflicting’ as they deal with the already scarce land, both of them have their own conditions, as the former is negotiated  and the latter commanded through the rules of the game. It is the  contention of this paper that both customary and statuary institutions should work in harmony and show a certain level of flexibility to reap the benefits of formal laws and the advantage of informal institutions that are already embedded in the society. Thus, identifying some sort of common interest in between seems essential to avert role confusion between customary and statutory institutions to own, manage and use land as well as to look for non-farm options for the youth as land is getting scarce.Key words: Rural youth, Access to land, Customary/regulatory institutions,Sidama, Gede