The Naturalist Meaning Behind the Words

Charles Darwin changed the face of biology and science when he published his groundbreaking work of scientific literature, On the Origin of Species. He proposed that all organisms are related and that a force, known as natural selection, acts on all living things. This book opened a whole new world for biologists everywhere. But it also brought about a change in the philosophy of literature, which is known as the naturalist movement. Writers began to believe that humans and animals are, in the end, the same- they are affected by similar forces and have the same instincts. Novels such as Stephen Crane’s Maggie, a Girl of the Streets clearly show how Darwin influenced the writing of the time. However, some novels that came out of this era do not fit as cleanly into this category. Willa Cather’s A Lost Lady seems to suggest many of the same ideas, but goes about it in a more delicate way. She doesn’t write with the grisly realist detail of naturalism, yet she still gives the reader a sense that Darwin’s natural selection is playing a role in the lives of her characters. Willa Cather’s A Lost Lady is a naturalist text because although it lacks many of the stylistic features of naturalism, it conveys the same idea- that humans are simply another type of animal- through the subtle comparisons she makes between humans and animals and the eventual outcome of each of her characters

Appearance of effective surface conductivity - an experimental and analytic study

Surface conductance measurements on p-type doped germanium show a small but systematic change to the surface conductivity at different length scales. This effect is independent of the structure of the surface states. We interpret this phenomenon as a manifestation of conductivity changes beneath the surface. This hypothesis is confirmed by an analysis of the classical current flow equation. We derive an integral formula for calculating of the effective surface conductivity as a function of the distance from a point source. Furthermore we derive asymptotic values of the surface conductivity at small and large distances. The actual surface conductivity can only be sampled close to the current source. At large distances, the conductivity measured on the surface corresponds to the bulk value.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure

Fermi level pinning at the Ge(001) surface - A case for non-standard explanation

To explore the origin of the Fermi level pinning in germanium we investigate the Ge(001) and Ge(001):H surfaces. The absence of relevant surface states in the case of Ge(001):H should unpin the surface Fermi level. This is not observed. For samples with donors as majority dopants the surface Fermi level appears close to the top of the valence band regardless of the surface structure. Surprisingly, for the passivated surface it is located below the top of the valence band allowing scanning tunneling microscopy imaging within the band gap. We argue that the well known electronic mechanism behind band bending does not apply and a more complicated scenario involving ionic degrees of freedom is therefore necessary. Experimental techniques involve four point probe electric current measurements, scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Probing the electronic transport on the reconstructed Au/Ge(001) surface

By using scanning tunnelling potentiometry we characterized the lateral variation of the electrochemical potential $\mu _{ec}$ on the gold-induced Ge(001)-c(8 × 2)-Au surface reconstruction while a lateral current flows through the sample. On the reconstruction and across domain boundaries we find that $\mu _{ec}$ shows a constant gradient as a function of the position between the contacts. In addition, nanoscale Au clusters on the surface do not show an electronic coupling to the gold-induced surface reconstruction. In combination with high resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we conclude that an additional transport channel buried about 2 nm underneath the surface represents a major transport channel for electrons