Fossils as Key Resources of Hydrocarbons for the Chemical Industry - The Burning Problem of Industrial Development

Intensive research is being pursued world-wide to establish a methodology for industrial development. Many types of changes play an important role in the dynamics of the industrial structure in both large and small economies. The global energy supply and future substitution of crude oil are among the most important and widely investigated constraints. With the existing patterns of production and development strongly determined by the specific conditions in a given region, the development of various raw materials for the chemical industry is of great importance. The impact of changing production methods in feedstock hydrocarbons on industrial development requires further intensive research. A non-uniform demand vector and a variety of possible production processes, with a constrained supply of resources in different economic regions and countries, open a number of possibilities for new and non-conventional solutions. Further, hydrocarbon synthesis for the chemical industry should be a high priority research goal, not only because of the scale of demand, but because of the properties of the substances themselves. Provided the problem of production of hydrocarbon feedstock for the chemical industry can be solved successfully, the same methodology could also be used for the analysis of synfuel production: It would contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of the industrial structure

Alternative Routes from Fossil Resources to Chemical Feedstocks

The chemical industry depends very heavily on hydrocarbon feedstocks, which are presently derived almost exclusively from crude oil. Although only about seven percent of the hydrocarbons suitable for chemical processing are actually used in this way, it is already clear that there is a potential conflict between the needs of the energy sector and those of the chemical industry: they are competing for increasingly scarce liquid hydrocarbon resources. The authors suggest that the supply of hydrocarbon feedstocks to the chemical industry could be protected against the effects of changing patterns of energy use by modifying the underlying industrial structure. They have developed an approach which takes a variety of production processes (either in use or under development), compares their efficiency their consumption of different resources, etc., and finds the combination of technologies that best satisfies a particular demand while staying within the limits imposed by resource availability. This approach uses the techniques of interactive decision analysis to incorporate the unquantifiable social and political factors that must influence any development decision. By way of illustration, the method is applied to one very small part of the problem area: the different routes to the production of methanol. This report does not attempt to provide any final answer to the problem of feedstock supply, but rather to explain one possible approach to the problem and discuss some intermediate results. It is addressed not only to researchers, but also, and in particular, to all decision makers and industrial consultants facing problems of this type

Effects of cytokinins on antioxidant enzymes in in vitro grown shoots of Pelargonium hortorum L. H. Bayley

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of meta-topolin (mT) and 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) on the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and antioxidant enzymes activities in relation to the shoot formation and senescence process in Pelargonium hortorum cultivars, which differ in their susceptibility to leaf yellowing under in vitro conditions.In an early senescing cultivar ‘Grand Prix’, the addition of an aromatic cytokinin mT to abscisic acid (ABA)-enriched Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium more efficiently inhibited leaf yellowing than BAP. In both genotypes, meta-topolin was also the most effective in shoot formation. It was found that Pelargonium species varying in their susceptibility to senescence differ in H2O2 production and antioxidant enzymes activities. Generally, meta-topolin more effectively enhanced H2O2 production and POD activity than BAP and control medium, but its effect depended on genotype. The highest H2O2 production stimulated by mT was observed on day 5 of subculture in late senescing cv. ‘Bergpalais’. In both geranium genotypes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were highest at the beginning of the subculture period, during the initiation of shoot formation. SOD showed the highest activity on day 5 of subculture on the medium without cytokinin and generally being higher in cv. ‘Bergpalais’ than in cv. ‘Grand Prix’. CAT activity was positively regulated by both cytokinins. POD activity was most effectively enhanced by mT, but on different days of subculture - on the 2nd day of subculture in cv. ‘Bergpalais’ and on the 22nd day of subculture in cv. ‘Grand Prix’. The enhanced activity of POD in the presence of mT, 4-fold higher than on control medium, at the end of subculture in P. hortorum ‘Grand Prix’ coincided with the inhibition of leaf senescence

Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Newborns: Diagnosis, Etiology, Management, Prevention, Complications and their Relation to Future Sport Performance

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature infants, although it can also occur in full-term infants. It is characterized by inflammation and injury of the intestinal tissue, which can progress to necrosis and perforation of the bowel. NEC is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), particularly among very low birth weight infants. Diagnosis of NEC is based on clinical signs and symptoms, radiographic findings, and laboratory tests. Management of NEC involves a multidisciplinary approach, including supportive care, medical therapy, and surgical intervention when necessary. Supportive care includes bowel rest, intravenous fluids, and nutritional support. Medical therapy may include antibiotics, gastric decompression, and parenteral nutrition. Surgical intervention may be required for infants with intestinal perforation, severe NEC, or complications such as intestinal stricture or short bowel syndrome. This condition and its complications may carry consequences for life and especially sport performance in the child’s future. Strategies for preventing NEC include promoting breastfeeding, avoiding unnecessary antibiotic exposure, minimizing enteral feeding interruptions, practicing strict infection control measures, and implementing protocols for gradual feeding advancement in premature infants. Overall, NEC is a complex and multifactorial disease that poses significant challenges in neonatal care. Early recognition, prompt intervention, and comprehensive management are essential for optimizing outcomes for affected infants. Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of NEC and to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies

Chicken Anti-Campylobacter Vaccine – Comparison of Various Carriers and Routes of Immunization

Campylobacter spp, especially the species Campylobacter jejuni, are important human enteropathogens responsible for millions of cases of gastro-intestinal disease worldwide every year. C. jejuni is a zoonotic pathogen, and poultry meat that has been contaminated by microorganisms is recognized as a key source of human infections. Although numerous strategies have been developed and experimentally checked to generate chicken vaccines, the results have so far had limited success. In this study, we explored the potential use of non-live carriers of Campylobacter antigen to combat Campylobacter in poultry. First, we assessed the effectiveness of immunization with orally or subcutaneously delivered GEM (Gram-positive Enhancer Matrix) particles carrying two Campylobacter antigens: CjaA and CjaD. These two immunization routes using GEMs as the vector did not protect against Campylobacter colonization. Thus, we next assessed the efficacy of in ovo immunization using various delivery systems: GEM particles and liposomes. The hybrid protein CjaAD, which is CjaA presenting CjaD epitopes on its surface, was employed as a model antigen. We found that CjaAD administered in ovo at embryonic development day 18 by both delivery systems resulted in significant levels of protection after challenge with a heterologous Campylobacter jejuni strain. In practice, in ovo chicken vaccination is used by the poultry industry to protect birds against several viral diseases. Our work showed that this means of delivery is also efficacious with respect to commensal bacteria such as Campylobacter. In this study, we evaluated the protection after one dose of vaccine given in ovo. We speculate that the level of protection may be increased by a post-hatch booster of orally delivered antigens

Effect of meta-topolin in vitro propagation of Pelargonium x hortorum and Pelargonium x hederaefolium cultivars

July and September. The most efficient regeneration and axillary multiplication were achieved on the medium supplemented with meta-topolin. The application of BAP caused a lower regeneration potency of explants and resulted in a decrease of shoot quality with every subculture. Four of the six cultivars showed growth inhibition after three months of growth on BAP-medium. The highest multiplication rate (2.7-4.7 depending on genotype) and the high quality of shoots were noted on the medium supplemented with mT (0.5-1.0 mg l-1). It is also very important to note that mT had stimulating effect on organogenesis in P. × hederaefolium and P. × hortorum cultivars over the long term. Moreover, meta-topolin had no after-effect on the growth and inhibition of rooting. Only one cultivar ("Sofie Cascade") rooted better on control medium without auxin. In case of the other cultivars, IBA added in concentrations of 0.01-0.1 mg l-1 had a stimulating effect on root production. The higher level of auxin inhibited root formation, stimulated senescence of shoots and had a negative after-effect on acclimatization in greenhouse conditions

Kadetter på väg mot examen : Är de motiverade till fortsatt anställning i Försvarsmakten?

This paper is about the different parts within the officers training that motivate the cadets to continue their employment within the armed forces after graduation, it also brings up the different parts that influences their motivation in a negative way. Six cadets from the 2011 class at the military academy at Karlberg have been interview in order to give their view on the following seven themes; reasons to take employment, collegiate attitude, comfort, study motivation, perceived education quality, the regiment and career. The responses have then been compared to the previous research at a cadet level which have been scarce. The result followed the previous findings about conscript’s motivation to continue their career and officers to end theirs. The conclusion was that a flexibility during the training and surrounding the compensation coupled with making the faculty a desirable employment at the military academy Karlberg and the different schools a big lead in the right direction.Uppsatsen behandlar de olika delar inom officersutbildningen som motiverar kadetterna till att ta anställning inom organisationen efter examen men också de delar som påverkar deras motivation negativt. Sex kadetter från OP/TA 08-11 har intervjuats för att se hur de ser på sju olika teman; skäl till att ta anställning, den kollegiala inställningen, trivsel, studiemotivationen, upplevda utbildningskvalitén, regementet och karriären. Dessa svar har sedan jämförts med den tidigare forskningen i området som varit sparsam på kadettnivå. Resultatet stämmer i stora delar med vad den tidigare forskningen visat vad gäller värnpliktigas motivation att fortsätta sin karriär och officerares skäl at t avsluta sin. Slutsatsen blev bland annat att en flexibilitet i utbildningen och kring de ersättningar som finns tillsammans med att göra lärarbefattningarna på militärhögskolan Karlberg och de olika vfu-skolorna åtråvärda måste ses som ett stort steg på vägen

Metody rozmnażania liliowca (Hemerocallis spp.) in vitro

Odmiany liliowca można rozmnażać tylko wegetatywnie przez podział roślin i metoda mnożenia jest mało wydajna, szczególnie dla odmian pochodzących najnowszej hodowli. Z tego względu, od wielu lat prowadzone są prace łstosowaniem rozmnażania in vitro w produkcji na skalę masową oraz w bonowych odmian. W niniejszej pracy zawarto przegląd literatury dotyczący zdolności regenetracyjnych eksplantatów pierwotnych izolowanych z różnych organów liliowca, omówiono rolę egzogennych regulatorów wzrostu oraz czynników środowiska w regulacji wzrostu liliowca in vitro. Przedstawiono metody rozmnażania in vitro oraz ich zastosowanie w hodowli i produkcji ogrodniczej liliowca. Zwrócono uwagę na problem stabilności genetycznej roślin liliowca pochodzących z rozmnażania in vitro.Daylily cultivars are propagated by rhizome division. However, the conventional propagation is too slow for a large production and breeding, and therefore in vitro methods were developed and used. The regeneration ability of different organs of daylily plants is reported in this review. The role of exogenous plant growth regulators and environmental factors in the growth and development of daylily in vitro is also presented. The paper discusses the application of in vitro propagation methods in a horticultural production and breeding and shows the problem of genetic stability of in vitro propagated daylily plants

Effects of cytokinins on antioxidant enzymes in in vitro grown shoots of Pelargonium hortorum L. H. Bayley

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of meta-topolin (mT) and 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) on the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and antioxidant enzymes activities in relation to the shoot formation and senescence process in Pelargonium hortorum cultivars, which differ in their susceptibility to leaf yellowing under in vitro conditions. In an early senescing cultivar ‘Grand Prix’, the addition of an aromatic cytokinin mT to abscisic acid (ABA)-enriched Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium more efficiently inhibited leaf yellowing than BAP. In both genotypes, meta-topolin was also the most effective in shoot formation. It was found that Pelargonium species varying in their susceptibility to senescence differ in H2O2 production and antioxidant enzymes activities. Generally, meta-topolin more effectively enhanced H2O2 production and POD activity than BAP and control medium, but its effect depended on genotype. The highest H2O2 production stimulated by mT was observed on day 5 of subculture in late senescing cv. ‘Bergpalais’. In both geranium genotypes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were highest at the beginning of the subculture period, during the initiation of shoot formation. SOD showed the highest activity on day 5 of subculture on the medium without cytokinin and generally being higher in cv. ‘Bergpalais’ than in cv. ‘Grand Prix’. CAT activity was positively regulated by both cytokinins. POD activity was most effectively enhanced by mT, but on different days of subculture - on the 2nd day of subculture in cv. ‘Bergpalais’ and on the 22nd day of subculture in cv. ‘Grand Prix’. The enhanced activity of POD in the presence of mT, 4-fold higher than on control medium, at the end of subculture in P. hortorum ‘Grand Prix’ coincided with the inhibition of leaf senescence