10 research outputs found

    Flattening the Earth: Mathematical and historical aspects of Mercator projection

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    When projecting the globe on a plane surface it is not possible to satisfy more than one of the following three criteria: conformity of angles, equidistance and equivalence of areas. Mercator's solution for the use in navigation was to use a cylindrical projection with increasing distances between parallels so that the rhumb lines became straight lines. We present the derivation of the meridional stretching in this projection that requires a unique stretching factor, conformal map that preserves angles. It has been recognized that mathematical methods were used to solve the problems of cartography. We emphasize the fact that the cartographers were using applied mathematics and, in particular, numerical methods. In the literature there exist conflicting tables of results attributed to Wright. We investigate the original Wright鈥檚 paper (1599) to find out that his values are in historical nautical miles and not in degrees of latitude. We also present a brief survey of the works of Dutch cartographers of the XVI century.Podczas rzutowania kuli ziemskiej na powierzchni臋 p艂ask膮 nie jest mo偶liwe spe艂nienie wi臋cej ni偶 jednego z nast臋puj膮cych trzech kryteri贸w: zgodno艣ci k膮t贸w, r贸wno odleg艂o艣ci i r贸wnowa偶no艣ci obszar贸w. Rozwi膮zaniem Mercatora do zastosowania w nawigacji by艂o zastosowanie projekcji cylindrycznej o rosn膮cych odleg艂o艣ciach mi臋dzy r贸wnoleg艂ymi, tak aby linie rombu sta艂y si臋 liniami prostymi. W tej pracy przedstawiamy wyprowadzenie po艂udnikowego rozci膮gania, kt贸re wymaga unikalnego wsp贸艂czynnika rozci膮gania, mapy konforemnej, kt贸ra zachowuje k膮ty. Uznano, 偶e do rozwi膮zania problem贸w kartografii zastosowano metody matematyczne. Podkre艣lamy fakt, 偶e kartografowie stosowali matematyk臋 stosowan膮, a zw艂aszcza metody numeryczne. W literaturze istniej膮 tabele r贸偶ni膮ce si臋 wynikami przypisywane Wrightowi. Badaj膮c oryginaln膮 prac膮 Wrighta (1599) pokazujemy, i偶 jego warto艣ci s膮 podane w dawnych milach morskich, a nie stopniach szeroko艣ci geograficznej. Prezentujemy r贸wnie偶 kr贸tki przegl膮d prac holenderskich kartograf贸w XVI wieku

    An efficient approach for solving a class of nonlinear 2D parabolic PDEs

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    We consider a class of nonlinear 2D parabolic equations that allow for an efficient application of an operator splitting technique and a suitable linearization of the discretized problem. We apply our scheme to study the finite extinction phenomenon for the porous-medium equation with strong absorption. A comparison of accuracy and computational efficiency of the resulting algorithms for several test problems is presented

    An Efficient QR Based Method for the Computation of Lyapunov Exponents

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    An efficient and numerically stable method to determine all the Lyapunov characteristic exponents of a dynamical system is developed. Numerical experiments are presented highlighting some aspects of convergence, accuracy and efficiency in the computation of the Lyapunov characteristic exponents
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