Metode Estimasi Massa Karbon Pohon Jeunjing (Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen) di Hutan Rakyat (Method for Estimation of Tree Carbon Mass of Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen in Community Forest)

The study was conducted at Jalagajaya Village, Jasinga Subdistrict, Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia. The objective of the study was to apply a methodology and method for tree carbon mass stock estimation in community forest based on a field survey of the forest and a model of tree carbon mass equation. The study revealed that there was a difference on carbon content in the parts of the tree biomass. Based on the analysis, model of tree carbon mass equation of Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen at Julagajaya Village was C = 0.7D1.48, with R² adj. = 95.7%. Results of the tree carbon mass estimation of the Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen based on the tree carbon mass-equation model were lower than the results estimated based on the tree biomass-equation model of Brown (1997), but higher than the results estimated based on the tree biomass-equation model of Ketterings et al. (2001). The study showed that the tree carbon stock of the community forest Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen at Julagajaya Village in 1,2,3,4,5, and 6 year age stand were 29.262, 33.555, 36.041, 39.163, 33.163, and 56.943 ton ha-1, respectively.Keywords: biomass-equation model, tree carbon mass-equation model, tree carbon stock, communityfores

Metode Estimasi Massa Karbon Pohon Jeunjing (Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen) di Hutan Rakyat (Method for Estimation of Tree Carbon Mass of Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen in Community Forest)

The study was conducted at Jalagajaya Village, Jasinga Subdistrict, Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia. The objective of the study was to apply a methodology and method for tree carbon mass stock estimation in community forest based on a field survey of the forest and a model of tree carbon mass equation. The study revealed that there was a difference on carbon content in the parts of the tree biomass. Based on the analysis, model of tree carbon mass equation of Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen at Julagajaya Village was C = 0.7D1.48, with R² adj. = 95.7%. Results of the tree carbon mass estimation of the Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen based on the tree carbon mass-equation model were lower than the results estimated based on the tree biomass-equation model of Brown (1997), but higher than the results estimated based on the tree biomass-equation model of Ketterings et al. (2001). The study showed that the tree carbon stock of the community forest Paraserianthes falcataria L Nielsen at Julagajaya Village in 1,2,3,4,5, and 6 year age stand were 29.262, 33.555, 36.041, 39.163, 33.163, and 56.943 ton ha-1, respectively.Keywords: biomass-equation model, tree carbon mass-equation model, tree carbon stock, communityfores

Effects on Morphology and Chemical Properties of Indonesian Bamboos by Carbonization

A simple carbonization technique was applied to utilize Indonesian bamboo resources. Several bamboo species as betung (Dendrocalamus asper), andong (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steudel) Widjaja), hitam (G. atroviolacea), tali (G. apus), kuning (Bambusa vulgaris var. striata), and ampel bamboo (B. Vulgaris Scharad) were selected for carbonization. Carbonization was conducted using a laboratory electrical furnace at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 1,000°C. The morphological and chemical properties of bamboos before and after carbonization were then analyzed. Betung, hitam, tali, kuning, and ampel bamboos had type IVstructure which was the most common bamboo structure, while andong bambo had type III structure. Cracks in the fiber bundle were observed and became more visible with the increase of carbonization temperature.The pH showed a similar trend in all species.As a result of the electric conductivity test, carbonized andong and kuning bamboo showed higher value due to rich inorganic content.Kuning bamboo has a high value of potassium and silica content, which are suitable for use as fertilizer.The chemical structure transition of bamboo during the carbonization process was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy, and significant changes were observed between 400 and 600°C. These results could be useful fundamental data for promoting high value-added bamboo utilization and improving research in Indonesian bamboo.Keywords: bamboo charcoal, carbonization, Indonesian bamboo, inorganic content, FTI

PRODUKSI ETANOL DENGAN METODE SSF DARI BAHAN BAKU BERBASIS KERTAS YANG MENDAPAT PERLAKUAN FISIK BERBEDA

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi produktivitas bioetanol dari unbeaten pulp, beaten pulp, non-printed paper dan laser-printed paper dengan menggunakan metode sakarifikasi dan fermentasi simultan (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation – SSF). Khamir yang digunakan adalah Saccharomyces cerevisiae, diaplikasikan dalam konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20%, dengan waktu inkubasi selama 3, 4, dan 5 hari. Konsentrasi etanol dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi gas, kemudian digunakan untuk menghitung rendemen etanol dan konversi selulosa. Kadar karbohidrat sampel yang cenderung tinggi (lebih dari 70%) mengindikasikan bahwa pulp yang digunakan berpotensi baik untuk produksi bioetanol. Konversi selulosa (8,24%) dan produksi etanol (5,4%) tertinggi ditemukan pada beaten pulp yang difermentasikan dengan konsentrasi khamir 15% dan waktu inkubasi 3 hari. Perlakuan beating diasumsikan dapat meningkatkan rendemen etanol, namun demikian, bahan kimia dan mineral aditif pada kertas menghambat proses hidrolisis enzimatik dan tinta menghambat fermentasi gula sederhana.Kata kunci:bioetanol, pulp putih, penggilingan, kertas bercetak laser,SS

Model Persamaan Massa Karbon Akar Pohon dan Root-Shoot Ratio Massa Karbon

The case study was conducted in the area of Acacia mangium plantation at BKPH Parung Panjang, KPH Bogor. The objective of the study was to formulate equation models of tree root carbon mass and root to shoot carbon mass ratio of the plantation. It was found that carbon content in the parts of tree biomass (stems, branches, twigs, leaves, and roots) was different, in which the highest and the lowest carbon content was in the main stem of the tree and in the leaves, respectively. The main stem and leaves of tree accounted for 70% of tree biomass. The root-shoot ratio of root biomass to tree biomass above the ground and the root-shoot ratio of root biomass to main stem biomass was 0.1443 and 0.25771, respectively, in which 75% of tree carbon mass was in the main stem and roots of tree. It was also found that the root-shoot ratio of root carbon mass to tree carbon mass above the ground and the root-shoot ratio of root carbon mass to tree main stem carbon mass was 0.1442 and 0.2034, respectively. All allometric equation models of tree root carbon mass of A. mangium have a high goodness-of-fit as indicated by its high adjusted R2

Model Persamaan Massa Karbon Akar Pohon dan Root-Shoot Ratio Massa Karbon

The case study was conducted in the area of Acacia mangium plantation at BKPH Parung Panjang, KPH Bogor. The objective of the study was to formulate equation models of tree root carbon mass and root to shoot carbon mass ratio of the plantation. It was found that carbon content in the parts of tree biomass (stems, branches, twigs, leaves, and roots) was different, in which the highest and the lowest carbon content was in the main stem of the tree and in the leaves, respectively. The main stem and leaves of tree accounted for 70% of tree biomass. The root-shoot ratio of root biomass to tree biomass above the ground and the root-shoot ratio of root biomass to main stem biomass was 0.1443 and 0.25771, respectively, in which 75% of tree carbon mass was in the main stem and roots of tree. It was also found that the root-shoot ratio of root carbon mass to tree carbon mass above the ground and the root-shoot ratio of root carbon mass to tree main stem carbon mass was 0.1442 and 0.2034, respectively. All allometric equation models of tree root carbon mass of A. mangium have a high goodness-of-fit as indicated by its high adjusted R2

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(hydroxy)urethane from Polyols for Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Wood Impregnation

A non-isocyanate route of polyurethane synthesis based on polyol (xylitol, sorbitol, glycerol, and PG3), alkyl carbonate (DMC and DEC), and diamine (HMDA, EDA, and DETA) was conducted for wood impregnation through in-site polymerization. The structure and mass average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyurethanes were analyzed using FTIR, NMR, and SEC. According to the results, polyurethane synthesis by a two-pot method in water brought cyclic carbonate degradation. The distribution of Mw of the polyurethanes showed that the most satisfying polymer (4380 g/mol) was prepared without solvent. Polyurethanes synthesized in methanol have a higher Mw than that in distilled water. In the same solvent, the use of HMDA resulted in a polymer with higher Mw than that of EDA. One-step wood impregnation in a solvent gave unsatisfactory WPG (12.59–19.71%) and LC (50.36–62.80%). However, one-step impregnation without solvent gave a higher WPG (78.39–87.63%) and a lower LC (19.11–21.25%). It is not feasible to be applied industrially. The two-step impregnation gave WPG (14.89-30.73%) and LC (42.22–56.52%). Wood impregnation using methanol or ethanol as the solvent was more recommended than using an aqueous solution. However, the resistance against leaching needs improvement. Keywords: Alkyl carbonate, diamine, polyol, polyurethane, wood impregnatio

PAPAN SERAT BERKERAPATAN SEDANG BERBAHAN BAKU SLUDGE TERASETILASI DARI INDUSTRI KERTAS

Medium Density Fibreboard Made of Acetylated Sludge from Paper Mill. Research of using sludge as raw material for making medium density fibreboard (MDF) was useful to create additional value of sludge. The objective of the research was to evaluate physical properties, mechanical properties, and durability of MDF from acetylated sludge in 4 levels of acetate anhydride (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) with 3 replicates. The MDF was made using dry process. After materials were mixed with adhesives, they were pressed using hotpress under 170 oC temperature and 45 Pa pressure for 25 minutes. The size of the MDF sample was 25 cm x 20 cm x 1 cm with 0.8 g/cm3 density. The physical properties (density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond, screw holding power) was tested based on JIS A 5905-2003 standard. The durability was evaluated using SNI 01-7207-2006. All physical properties of MDF fulfill JIS A 5905-2003. Acetate anhydride decreased the moisture content value of MDF. On the other hand, all mechanical properties did not fulfill the standard. That was caused by calcium carbonate in sludge that blocked the adhesion between sludge fibres. The durability of MDF tested here was classified Class I which is very resistant to termites.Keywords: acetylated sludge, durability properties, MDF, mechanical properties, physical propertie

PRODUKSI ETANOL DENGAN METODE SSF DARI BAHAN BAKU BERBASIS KERTAS YANG MENDAPAT PERLAKUAN FISIK BERBEDA

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi produktivitas bioetanol dari unbeaten pulp, beaten pulp, non-printed paper dan laser-printed paper dengan menggunakan metode sakarifikasi dan fermentasi simultan (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation – SSF). Khamir yang digunakan adalah Saccharomyces cerevisiae, diaplikasikan dalam konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20%, dengan waktu inkubasi selama 3, 4, dan 5 hari. Konsentrasi etanol dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi gas, kemudian digunakan untuk menghitung rendemen etanol dan konversi selulosa. Kadar karbohidrat sampel yang cenderung tinggi (lebih dari 70%) mengindikasikan bahwa pulp yang digunakan berpotensi baik untuk produksi bioetanol. Konversi selulosa (8,24%) dan produksi etanol (5,4%) tertinggi ditemukan pada beaten pulp yang difermentasikan dengan konsentrasi khamir 15% dan waktu inkubasi 3 hari. Perlakuan beating diasumsikan dapat meningkatkan rendemen etanol, namun demikian, bahan kimia dan mineral aditif pada kertas menghambat proses hidrolisis enzimatik dan tinta menghambat fermentasi gula sederhana.Kata kunci:bioetanol, pulp putih, penggilingan, kertas bercetak laser,SS

Distribusi Sel Pori pada Kayu Tarik dan Korelasinya dengan Komposisi Lignin

Sifat anatomi kayu tarik dianalisis untuk parameter jumlah dan diameter pori dan korelasinya dengan komposisi lignin. Sampel kayu reaksi diambil dari batang pohon mindi (Melia azedarach) yang tumbuh miring. Pembentukan kayu tarik menurunkan jumlah dan diameter pori dan sebagai implikasinya meningkatkan proporsi serat. Jumlah dan diameter pori berkorelasi positif dengan kadar lignin. Nisbah siringil/guaiasil dan erythro/threo struktur β-O-4 berkorelasi negatif dengan jumlah dan diameter pori. Hasil penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi bahwa perubahan proporsi sel penyusun kayu akibat tegangan pertumbuhan merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang berpengaruh terhadap perubahan karakteristik kimia lignin kayu tarik. Distribution of Vessels in Tension Wood and Its Correlation with Lignin CompositionAbstractThe anatomical properties of tension wood were investigated for number and diameter of vessel and its correlation with lignin composition. Reaction wood sample was taken from the leaning stem of mindi (Melia azedarach). The formation of tension wood reduced the number and size of vessel and, consequently, increased the proportion of fiber. Number and diameter of vessels positively correlated with lignin content. However, syringyl/guaiacyl ratio of lignin and erythro/threo ratio of β-O-4 structures were negatively correlated with number and diameter of vessels. It was confirmed that changes in the proportion of wood cell was an importance factor influencing the changes in chemical characteristic of tension wood lignin