Angiogenesis of Extracted Tooth Wound on Wistar Rats After Application of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Gel Extract

Objective: To analyze angiogenesis in the post-extracted tooth of Wistar rats after application of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) extract. Material and Methods: A total of 18 rats were divided into two groups (control and treatment). Okra extract with a concentration of 30% in gel form was applied on the post- extraction socket of the treatment group. The rats were sacrificed on day-3, day-5, and day-7 after tooth extraction. The newly-formed blood vessels were counted and statistically analyzed by means of One Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD with a significance level set at 5%. Results: The newly-formed capillaries of the control group (4.67 ± 1.53) on day-3 were lower than the treatment group (9.00 ± 1.00). The newly-formed capillaries recorded from the control group, both in day-5 (9.33 ± 1.53) and day-7 (8.67 ± 1.53) were lower than the treatment group, which started to decreased from day-5 (13.67 ± 1.53) to day-7 (12.33 ± 0.58). Significant differences were found in treatment group, on day-3 compared to day-5 (p=0.005), and on day-3 to day-7 (p=0.024). Conclusion: Okra extract in gel form at 30% concentration can increase the angiogenesis during the wound healing process of the extracted tooth on Wistar rats

Fibroblast Cell Viability Effectiveness between the Highlands and Lowlands Coconut Water (Cocos Nucifera L.)

Tooth avulsion is a tooth that completely detached from its socket. The purpose of this study is to determine the differences of the effectiveness of coconut water in the dwarf variety from highlands and lowlands on fibroblast cell viability. Coconut water from each habitat was picked randomly. Samples were divided into five groups. Group 1 was the media control, group 2 was the cell control, group 3 was HBSS, group 4 was the coconut water from highlands, and group 5 was the coconut water from lowlands. To determine the BHK-21 fibroblast cell viability after 4 hours of submerging, MTT assay was used. The absorbance was read by ELISA reader with wavelength 620nm. The results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA with α=0.05. There are significant differences in each group. Coconut water from highlands has cell viability percentage of 8%, while the coconut water from lowlands has 54%. Based on the CD50% parameter, coconut water from the lowlands is more effective than coconut water from the highlands. The coconut water in the dwarf variety from the lowlands is more effective than the coconut water from the highlands towards BHK-21 fibroblast cell viability for 4 hours

The effect of Avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.) on the fibroblast cells of post-extraction dental sockets in Wistar rats

Background: Tooth extraction, a common practice among the dental profession, causes trauma to the blood vessels during the wound healing process. The acceleration of wound healing, within which fibroblasts play an important role, is influenced by nutrition. Avocado leaves contain a variety of chemicals, including flavonoid compounds, tannins, katekat, kuinon, saponin and steroids/triterpenoid. Avocado leaves also contain glycosides, cyanogenic, alkaloids and phenols which function as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant agents. This avocado leaf content could be used as an alternative medicine to accelerate the wound healing process in post-tooth extraction sockets. Purpose: To determine the role of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill) in accelerating fibroblast cells proliferation in tooth socket post-extraction. Methods: The sample was divided into four groups, a control group and three treatment groups. The treatment groups used avocado leaf extract and 3% CMC Na solution which was inserted into the tooth sockets of Wistar rats. Both the control and treatment groups had their mandibula decapitated with all the required specimens being prepared on the 3rd and 7th days of the experiment. Mandibular decapitation and tooth extraction socket were prepared by HPA (Histology Pathology Anatomy) with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. The  fibroblast proliferation was analyzed by means of a light microscope at 400x magnification. The obtained data was analyzed using a t-Test. Result: The t-Test obtained a significance value 0.001 (p <0.05) between the control and treatment groups. The number of fibroblast cells increased in the group treated on the third day and decreased in the group treated on the seventh day. Conclusion: Avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.) accelerates proliferation of fibroblast cells in Wistar rats post-tooth extraction

Pengaruh Irama Sirkadian Terhadap Jumlah Osteoklas Tulang Alveolar Marmut (Cavia Cobaya)

Background: Light is one of the external stimuli that played an important role in mammal’s circadian rhythm. The light-dark cycle in the environment could affect the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland. Moreover, change of melatonin secretion could affect the bone resorption which is rolled by the numbers of osteoclast . Purpose: The aim of this study was to find the effect of circadian rhythm towards the number of osteoclast on marmots’ alveolar bone. Methods: 24 marmots (Cavia cobaya) were divided into three groups. Group I (n=8) were exposed to constant light continuously; Group II or control group (n=8) were exposed to 12 hours light alternate with 12 hours dark environment and the third group, Group III (n=8) were placed in constant continuous darkness. Tooth separators were inserted in the marmots’ upper teeth for 7 days. At the end of 21 days, the marmots were sacrificed and the maxillary alveolar bones were extracted for the microscopic examination using 400 x magnifications to look for the presence of osteoclast number. Results: There was osteoclast formation in one marmot in Group I (constant continuous light) but not in the other groups. Conclusion: The presence of light in the circadian rhythm does not influence the osteoclast formation in the marmots’ alveolar bone

The Effect of Giving Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) Extract on the Increase of Vascular Endhothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

Background: People with diabetes mellitus who perform tooth extraction related to the complications that disrupt the process wound healing. Diabetics have persistent inflammatory phase and abnormal angiogenesis in proliferation phase. Treatment for people with diabetes mellitus is done through increase VEGF. Herbal medicine that use extracts from plants have benefits in wound healing processes such as okra fruit extract because it contains flavonoids. Flavonoids in accelerating wound healing in patients diabetes mellitus can through its role as anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This plays a role in the persistent inflammatory resolution process leading to proliferation by macrophages and immunomodulatory effects of macrophage function in issuing growth factors. Purpose: To prove okra fruit extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) influences the increase in VEGF expression in the process of healing wounds from tooth extraction of diabetes mellitus Wistar rats. Methods: Laboratory experimental research with randomized post-test only. The control group used 24 Wistar mice which were divided into two groups namely the control group (STZ induction) and the treatment group (STZ induction by giving okra fruit extract). Tooth extraction is done on the incisors left lower jaw. 4 mice from each group were sacrificed on day 3, 5 and 7 after revocation. A Socket is cut for inspection immunohistochemistry. Results: VEGF expression of the control group compared to the group the treatment showed significant results (p <0.05). Conclusion: Administration of extracts okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) has the effect of increasing expression VEGF in the healing process of wistar tooth extraction wounds with diabetes mellitus

Effect of electrolyzed reduced water on Wistar rats with chronic periodontitis on malondialdehyde levels

Background: Periodontal disease is a progressive destructive change that causes loss of bone and periodontal ligaments around the teeth that can eventually lead to its loss. The main bacteria in chronic periodontitis is Porphyromonas gingivalis. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a pathogen associated with aggressive periodontitis, initiates a proinflammatory response that causes tissue destruction of periodontal, alveolar bone resorption and subsequent tooth loss. Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) is an alkaline water, ERW not only has a high pH and low oxidation reduction potential (ORP), but also contains several magnesium ions. Magnesium ions proven effective for the prevention of various diseases. Purpose: To analyze the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Wistar rats with cases of chronic and aggressive periodontitis that consumed ERW. Method: Wistar rats were divided into four groups, each group with 10 rats. The first and second group were Wistar rat with chronic periodontitis and consume drinking water and ERW. The third and fourth group were Wistar rat with aggressive periodontitis and consume drinking water and ERW. This experiment is done by calculating the levels of MDA. The calculation of the levels of MDA is done with spectrophotometric assay for MDA. Result: The results of this experiment show that the level of MDA in serum in group that consume ERW had decreased significantly different with thegroup that consume drinking water with the statistical test. Conclusion: It can be concluded that ERW can decrease the MDA level in Wistar rat with chronic and aggressive periodontitis case

Efek hepatoprotektor sari buah wortel (Daucus carota L.) pada mencit yang diinduksi parasetamol

The used of paracetamol in high dose or in a long term could cause the hepatic damaged. Paracetamol at dose of 400mg/kg body weight produced liver damaged in mice as manifested by the risemin serum level of Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT) and Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT). The aim of this research was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of carrot juice against paracetamol induced hepatic damaged in mice. Thirty five male Swiss Webster,Balb/C mice were randomly divided into five group samples : the negative control group, the positive control group and the three different dose of carrot juice groups (5,10 and 20 ml/kg body weight). Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to analyze the data. The result showed that the carrot juice had the hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol induced hepatic damaged in mice. Pretreatment with carrot juice at dose of 20 ml/kgBW prevented paracetamol induced rise in SGOT and SGPT better than 5 and 10ml/kgBW doses. The higher dose of carrot juice had the better potency against the hepatotoxicity

Antimicrobial Activity of Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum on Enterococcus faecalis Viability

Introduction: Root canal treatment often fails because of bacteria that grow back after obturation, such as Entero¬coccus faecalis (E. faecalis). The previous study has found the percentage of root canal treatment failure as much as 32-70%. It was because the facultative anaerobic bacteria are able to penetrate into the dentinal tubules and found to be resistant. Ambonese banana stem is one of the herbal plants in Indonesia that has been widely used, including the sap on the stem. Active substances in the sap of Ambonese banana stems such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins have antimicrobial efficacy. The purpose of this study is to prove the antibacterial activity of Ambonese banana stems extract on E. faecalis and analyzing bacterial viability through a fluorescent microscope. Methods: The sample of this study was E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) which bred on BHIB media, then serially carried out dilution with Ambonese banana stem extract with a composition of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125 %, 1,563%. and 0.781%. Cul¬tured in the Agar Mueller-Hinton medium and then calculate the number of bacterial colonies. This examination was continued using a fluorescent microscope for determining the viability of bacteria. Results: We obtained MIC at a concentration of 1.563% and MBC at a concentration of 3.125%. The ability of Ambonese banana stem extracts to kill E. faecalis in MIC was 92.22%, while in MBC it was 100%. Conclusion: Ambonese banana stem extract effec¬tively inhibited the growth of E. faecalis bacteria

Kadar human beta defensin 2 ( HBD-2) pada kelompok karies dan bebas karies

Background: Defensins are antimicrobial peptide which classified into two subfamilies, the α-, and β- defensins. Human β defensins 1 (HBD-1), β defensins 2 (HBD-2), β defensins 3 (HBD-3), β defensins (HBD4) and α defensins 1-4 (HNP1-4) have an important role in caries. In the oral cavity, HBD-2 are present in saliva and have antimicrobial activities against oral bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, a primary etiologic agent of dental caries. This study aimed to determine levels of β defensins 2 (HBD-2) in saliva samples of caries and free caries. Methods: Saliva samples were obtained from 50 students of elementary school were divided into two group: the caries-free group and caries group. The salivary levels of β defensins 2 (HBD-2) in subjects were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results:The average salivary levels of HBD-2 were 266,15 ng/L for the caries-free group and 483,63 ng/L for the caries group respectively. There were significantly difference in the HBD-2 level between patients with caries and patients with free caries (p < 0.05). Conclusion:We conclude that high salivary levels of HBD-2 may represent a biological response of oral tissue to caries. HBD2 can be developed as biomarker to indicate caries and a new tool for caries risk assessment

Pemberian Ekstrak Batang Pohon Pisang Ambon (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) Untuk Mempercepat Proses Hemostasis Pada Mencit(Mus muscullus)

Background: In dentistry, tooth extraction sometimes cause postoperative and perioperative comp lications especially in patients with bleeding disorder. Uncontrolled bleeding during tooth extraction may cause some effects such as hypovolemic shock, difficulty of wound healing and it become sa port de entre of pathogenic bacteria that couldlead to an infection. The using of local and systemic haemostatic may cause some side effects for the patients such as alveolar bone necrosis in the socket. Herb plants that can be used to accelerate bleedings, in the population of Trunyans, Bali, is the hump ofbanana ambon. Musa paradisiaca var. sapientumhumpcontains several active compounds such as tannin and lectin. Tanin serve s to incrase the secretion of ADP in the process of platelet agrregration whereas lectin can incrase secretion of von Wilebrand Factor (vWF) in the process of platelet adhesion on the injury vessels. Purpose: To know the influence of granting Musa paradisiaca var. sapientumhump extract in concentration of 25%, 50% and 100% againts haemostatic response on mice. Methods: A whole research sample divided into four groups. Group 1 is control, group of 2 was given 25% extract concentration, group of 3 w as given 50% extract concentration and group of 4 w as given 100% extract concentration of Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum humps. Then all the groups were examined their bleeding time and clotting time. Results: A group with 100% extract of Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum hump having the shortest bleeding time and clotting time. Conclusion: Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum hump extract with concentration of 25%, 50% and 100% could shortening bleeding and clotting time on mice