Causal ambiguity and partial orders in event structures

Event structure models often have some constraint which ensures that for each\ud system run it is clear what are the causal predecessors of an event (i.e. there is no causal ambiguity). In this contribution we study what happens if we remove\ud such constraints. We define five different partial order semantics that are intentional in the sense that they refer to syntactic aspects of the model. We also define an observational partial order semantics, that derives a partial order from just the event traces. It appears that this corresponds to the so-called early intentional semantics; the other intentional semantics cannot be observationally characterized. We study the equivalences induced by the different partial order definitions, and their interrelations

A Context-Sensitive Inquiry: The Interpretation of Meaning in Cases of Visual Appropriation Art, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 746 (2013)

As Andy Warhol’s famous depiction of a soup can has demonstrated, the meaning of a work depends on its context. While the Campbell’s label signified one thing to shoppers in supermarkets, it raised new questions when presented as a work of art. Warhol’s work is just one example of what has come to be known as appropriation art, an artistic practice that borrows and repurposes images from the media, popular culture, and other sources. Unsurprisingly, this art form is in frequent tension with copyright law. This comment suggests that in analyzing the“purpose and character” factor of the fair use inquiry, courts turn to context—both the images and items surrounding the copyrighted work as well as the broader social setting in which the work was placed—as additional evidence of what a work of appropriation art may ultimately mean. It examines two cases in which courts considered context to determine whether a work of appropriation art was sufficiently transformative. In light of the Second Circuit’s Cariou v. Prince decision, which dispelled the notion that an author must clearly articulate his or her purpose, this comment also examines the difficulties that arise when courts rely too heavily on authorial statements of meaning. It proposes that courts use context as an additional clue to unlocking the difficult question of meaning

Lattices Generated by Information Systems and their Internal Structure

The paper exploits the fact that every information system generates a family of equivalence relations in the set of considered objects, and the corresponding family of partitions of this set, and that this family is a lattice with certain properties. It describes the internal structure of any lattice with such properties and shows that such a lattice is generated by an information system

Wykorzystanie metod wygładzania wykładniczego do prognozowania kursu sprzedaży EUR

W artykule przedstawiono wykorzystanie metod wygładzania wykładniczego do prognozowania kursu sprzedaży EUR. Modele prognostyczne zbudowano opierając się na danych rzeczywistych od stycznia 2010 do kwietnia 2013 roku, pochodzących ze strony internetowej Narodowego Banku Polskiego. Istotnym założeniem przeprowadzonego badania było wykorzystanie jak najprostszych metod wygładzania wykładniczego. Kolejnym ważnym elementem badania było przeprowadzenie analizy porównawczej jakości otrzymanych prognoz. Do ich oceny wykorzystano siedem miar opisu statystycznego, takich jak błąd średni, błąd średni bezwzględny, maksymalny błąd bezwzględny, pierwiastek z błędu średniego kwadratowego, średni bezwzględny błąd procentowy, mediana bezwzględnego błędu procentowego oraz maksymalny błąd procentowy.Joanicjusz Nazark

Reduction of optical noise in near-infrared range laser hygrometry

A contactless laser hygrometer based on light absorption by H2O molecules at 1392.5 nm is described. However, measurement results can be affected by optical noise when applied to an atmospheric tunnel or glass cuvette. The noises (occurring in the form of periodic fringes in the recorded spectrum) come from unexpected interference of the light beams reflected from surfaces of the windows or other optical elements. The method of their suppression is described in this article. It is based on wavelength modulation and signal averaging over the fringes period. Also, an experiment confirming the usefulness of this method is described here

Świadomość społeczeństwa w zakresie mobilnych systemów operacyjnych na przykładzie Androida

Wraz z coraz szybszym postępem cywilizacyjnym rozwija się również szeroko pojęta technologia. Obecnie, jedną z bardzo ważnych jej dziedzin jest tworzenie systemów operacyjnych, które z kolei odgrywają kluczową rolę w funkcjonowaniu świata komputerów i urządzeń mobilnych. Tym samym, w dużym stopniu wpływają na głównego użytkownika, jakim jest człowiek. Istotnym zatem jest fakt w jaki sposób społeczeństwo postrzega oferowane systemy operacyjne, na ile zna ich możliwości oraz w jakim stopniu je wykorzystuje. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie tych aspektów ze szczególnym zwróceniem uwagi na konkretny system operacyjny - Android. Badania pilotażowe, przeprowadzone zostały na próbie n=175 losowo wybranych osób z przedziałów wiekowych 14-18 lat (1,71%), 19-24 lata (76,57%), 25-30 lat (17,14%), 31-40 lat (2,29%), 41-50 lat (1,71%), 51-60 lat (0%), powyżej 60 lat (0,57%). Dokonano analizy świadomości społeczeństwa w zakresie jednego z najbardziej popularnych systemów operacyjnych jakim jest Android. Jako narzędzie badawcze wykorzystano kwestionariusz ankiety internetowej

Semantic accessibility and interference in pronoun resolution

The general view in syntactic literature is that binding constraints can make antecedents syntactically inaccessible. However, several studies showed that antecedents which are ruled out by syntactic binding constraints still influence online processing of anaphora in some stages, suggesting that a cue-based retrieval mechanism plays a role during anaphora resolution. As in the syntactic literature, in semantic accounts like Discourse Representation Theory (DRT), formal constraints are formulated in terms of accessibility of the antecedent. We explore the discourse inaccessibility postulated in DRT by looking at its role in pronoun resolution of inter-sentential anaphoric relations in four off-line and two eye-tracking experiments. The results of the eye-tracking experiments suggest that accessibility has an effect on pronoun resolution from early on. The study quantifies evidence of inaccessible antecedents affecting pronoun resolution and shows that almost all evidence points to the conclusion that discourse-inaccessible antecedents are ruled out for pronoun resolution in processing. The only potential counter-example to this claim is also detected, but remains only as anecdotal evidence even after combining data from both eye-tracking studies. The findings in the study show that accessibility plays a significant role in the processing of pronoun resolution in a way which is potentially challenging for the cue-based retrieval mechanism. The paper argues that discourse accessibility can help expand the theories of retrieval beyond the syntactic and sentence-level domain and provides a window into the study of interference in discourse