Identifying Target Audience for Future Extension Programming as a First Stage of Community Assessment

The information presented in the session will help to identify target audience for future Extension programs through the comprehensive examination of local community's demographics, resources, assets, capacities and citizens' needs. To know past and current trends is highly important when conducting community assessment, which allows us to identify future demand for Extension programming. Moreover, the audience will gain awareness of Raymond's (1987) approach of "scanning the environment" similar to community market analysis that will help to identify the target audiences, needs of clientele, and match Extension's programs with audience needs" (p.1). Participant will have 15-20 minute of activity called "statistical indicators or screening community environment" that will help them generate the ideas and find possible solutions of future programming focus and target audience. For the purpose of this pilot study, two counties in Ohio were selected for conducting community market analysis to identify current target audiences. Franklin County represented an urban county and Holmes County represented a rural county. The initial step of this approach was secondary data analysis for Extension programs based on the comprehensive analysis of communities' trends, structure, gaps, and opportunities. Examination of existing data helped to identify social, economic, and cultural issues in community and target audiences. Secondary data analysis is a descriptive tool by nature and cannot be generalized to other context. On the county level, it is essential to analyze the following major areas of community: demographic (age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, employment, household income, health insurance, veteran status, poverty level); commuting characteristics, health, labor market (through analyzing local agriculture, business, and industries), local county Extension resources, recent Extension programming efforts, non-formal (community) educational opportunities outside of Extension services, and national and local trends. Numerous target audiences were identified for urban and rural counties. Each target audience represented specific group of citizens and issues that each group is facing when living and working in the community. Differences in the identified target audiences were found between urban and rural counties because of the discrepancies and specifics of the local socio-economic and cultural environment.AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Suzanna Windon, Market Analyst, The Ohio State University Extension, [email protected] (Corresponding Author).The findings from this pilot study and theoretical framework contribute to an integrative theory of community assessment and evaluation research in the agricultural Extension field. The research objective was to identify target audiences for future Extension programming focus. The community market analysis approach was used to identify the target audiences and needs of clientele, and match Extension's programs with audience needs. Two counties in Ohio (urban and rural) were selected for this pilot project. Numerous target audiences were identified for urban and rural counties and future Extension programming focus across six impact areas. Each target audience represented a specific group of citizens and issues that each group was facing when living and working in the community. Differences in the identified target audiences were found between urban and rural counties based on specifics of the local socio-economic and cultural environment

The Relationship between Satisfaction with Supervisor and Demographic Variables among Extension Program Assistants

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between satisfaction with supervisor and demographic variables among Ohio State University Extension program assistants. Participants were 149 Extension program assistants who completed the Satisfaction with My Supervisor survey (Scarpello & Vandenberg, 1987) and a demographics survey. Results, based on a five-point Likert scale, showed that participants rated themselves as slightly satisfied with their supervisors (M = 3.88, SD = .94). Participants reported their highest satisfaction with the way their supervisors listen to them, support them in dealing with other managers, and their fairness in appraising job performance. Overall, respondents were dissatisfied with the way their supervisors inform them about work changes, show concern for their career progress, and the frequency with which they were recognized for doing a good job. Satisfaction with supervisor was not related to level of education, marital status, having children under 18 living at home, program area, years of service, gender, or age. Findings suggest that the Ohio State University Extension organization should assess program assistants’ satisfaction with their supervisors and offer leadership professional development for the middle-level managers who serve in supervisory roles

Developing Practice in Relational Spaces: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experience of Youth Workers

The social and community services sector provides hundreds of programs and services throughout Australia that find youth workers engaging with young people in a variety of settings. As an emerging profession the youth work sector has grown considerably over the last few decades yet, whilst research relating to young people and their concerns abounds, the literature provides little in the way of acknowledging or understanding the practice and professional development of youth workers. The purpose of this study is to reveal the experiences of youth workers as they learn their craft and develop their practice. This hermeneutic phenomenological study, informed by the works of Heidegger, Gadamer and van Manen, presents the findings from in-depth interviews with eight youth workers practicing in Australia. The investigation explored the lived experiences of youth work practitioners who came to the field from a variety of backgrounds. As they described their journey into youth work, and their experiences in the field, practitioners revealed the strategies that they employed as they learned and developed their practice. The study reveals the challenges that youth workers experience as they transition into the role and adapt to the reality of practice. As they come to an understanding of the role, and the work, youth workers learn and develop their practice in situ. As they centre young people at the core of their practice practitioners learn through experience and upon reflection in, and on, practice whilst accessing the knowledge and support of colleagues. Mentorship plays a vital role as practitioners move from novice towards expert - crafting their own unique practice as they navigate the uncertain terrain of youth work. Youth workers highlight the need for practitioners to clearly understand the nature and purpose of youth work, and the requirement to develop professional practices that provide clear and positive structures and frameworks for the young people with whom they work. In order to ensure their longevity in the field practitioners recognise the need for self-care, and the importance of access to resources that support and provide for continuous learning and development to sustain their personal and professional selves

\u3cem\u3eCrawford v. Washington\u3c/em\u3e — How the Seventh Circuit Improperly Defined Testimonial

In Crawford v. Washington, the Supreme Court overturned years of precedent holding that any hearsay statement that is deemed testimonial cannot be admitted into evidence unless the defendant has the opportunity to confront and cross-examine the declarant. Because the Court did not define testimonial, trial and appellate courts have been required to do so. Many Courts of Appeals have held that a statement is testimonial if a reasonable declarant would believe the statement would be used in court. However, in United States v. Gilbertson the Seventh Circuit abandoned the Supreme Court\u27s reasoning in Crawford v. Washington when it held that only communications initiated by the government qualify as testimonial. This article concludes that the Seventh Circuit improperly narrowed the definition of testimonial by holding that the government must initiate the communication

Archival discretion: a survey on the theory and practice of archival restrictions

In 2019, the Society of American Archivists’ Privacy and Confidentiality Steering Committee surveyed SAA members with the goal of identifying current practices and concerns across the field regarding archival access restrictions. Survey results yielded rich and sometimes contradicting information about how archivists approach access restrictions in theory and practice. The authors explore the survey methodology and results. Key observations include the ubiquity of restricted collections across archival repositories; the influence of donors on repositories’ restriction decisions; and variances in approaches to administering, tracking, and lifting expired restrictions. Not having a comprehensive codified professional standard for privacy and restrictions is entirely understandable, since access restrictions often are deeply dependent on individual circumstances, legal gray areas, state-specific mandates, and emotional quagmires. Individual archivists confronted with privacy and confidentiality issues must draw upon a patchwork of archival guidelines and published resources, legal precedents, case studies, institutional counsel, and informal peer advice to make their best informed choices, with ramifications that could include jeopardy of their own employment. The weight of these decisions is evident in survey results. The authors recommend the development of more robust profession-wide guidance and decision-making tools around this topic to help archivists more confidently navigate these difficult decisions

Examining Volunteer Management Needs and Preferred Professional Development Delivery Methods Among Extension Educators

The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate Penn State Extension educators’ volunteer management needs and desirable professional development delivery methods. The participants were 92 Extension educators who participated in the online survey. The response rate was 47.4%. We found that the top five most preferable volunteer management content area needs among educators were volunteer communication, motivation, training, risk management, and coaching. The most desirable delivery methods of volunteer management content were webinars, one-time in-service training, factsheets, and series of workshops. The point-biserial correlation coefficient was used to show the correlation between specific volunteer management content area and professional development delivery method. Face-to-face training was preferred for topics such as needs assessments, utilization, teaching ethics and ethical decision making, motivation, coaching, risk management, and communication. Published content was the most preferred delivery method for topics such as writing position descriptions, selection, teaching ethics and ethical decision making, and risk management. Online education was a preferred delivery method for most topics, with the exception of marketing skills and utilization. Staff development personnel should consider these preferred delivery methods when designing training programs for Extension educators. Such consideration will enhance training effectiveness and learning

Application of a Modified Brainstorming Technique

Our modified brainstorming technique is an assessment tool Extension professionals can use to generate new ideas. The modified brainstorming technique capitalizes on creativity at the individual level and helps maximize the contribution of the whole group. The technique leads to generation of useful ideas in a mutually supportive setting for a minimal time investment. This tool is effective for relatively small groups within Extension and may be applicable to other outreach and nonprofit organizations

No familiar spirit: aesthetic experience and radical enquiry in the literature of early romanticism

Film-makers - cinematographers and directors - have an expression for something which in general they should not do; not, that is, it they wish to work within the dominant conventions of cinematic realism. I'Crossing the Iine'l induces a disorienting, "unnatural" reversal of perspective, which can best be explained in terms of a basic “two-shot": if an imaginary line were to be drawn between two people who if only by virtue of being in the same shot are in some sort of relation with each other, then ”crossing the line“ would refer to a sequence which brought into close proximity views taken from both sides of that line. That this can be a literary no less than a cinematic phenomenon is indicated by Coleridge's criticisms of Spenser's allegory, discussed in Part III below, in which it is alleged that "that which is and may be known, but cannot appear from the given point of view, is confounded with the visible".1 This would be unsettling provided that it were not accompanied by some naturalising device such as attributing one of these perspectives to a third character - an eavesdropper, for example. Any such unmodified effect threatens the fiction of a unified point of view belonging to some privileged observer, a disembodied eavesdropper such as God perhaps or, to stick with the theme of cognitive privilege, a philosophical systematiser, a "Spy Nozy" who strives not to get caught out as in Coleridge's anecdote in the tenth chapter of the Biographia Literaria. In that instance the joke depends upon the presumed nai'veté of the person who, for whatever reason having no legitimate part in a rather erudite discussion, crosses the line by identifying himself with its subject. Like all good stories Coleridge's anecdote has many uses. What if it is not the comic "light relief" but the poetic or philosophic self which crosses the line? A case in point would be Coleridge's friend Wordsworth, the other person who was being spied upon, in his description of crossing the Alps in the sixth book of The Prelude. In Coleridge's story the result is not only exoneration from the suspicion of Jacobinism but a positive enhancement of authority as the anecdote is employed in attributing to himself a particular cultural and political competence and trustworthiness. In Wordsworth's dialectic of self-consciousness the identification of the naive with the perspicuous person is no joke because here the line is crossed and then re-crossed as ignorance is transformed into knowledge. In this reverse motion or retrospection error itself has crossed the line, becoming unavoidable, in a manner of speaking “transcendental“. In the following discussion the sublime is treated as one moment of a general aesthetic in which it serves as an enabling figure for authoritative transmissions, transactions, or translations which may be political, pedagogical or sexual but are in any case textual. Such a general aesthetic, treated here mainly in the writings of Burke and of Coleridge up to the time of the publication of the Biographia, is centred on conjunctions of the contingency, unpredictability and, at times, the vulnerability of the finite, historically particular self with the inclusive dynamics and sweeping vistas of cultural and historical transformation

What Explained Nonprofit Organizations’ Satisfaction with Volunteer Retention During the COVID-19 Pandemic?

The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate nonprofit organizations’ satisfaction with volunteer retention during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were 74 nonprofit organizations’ leaders who participated in the online survey. The response rate was 10.6%. We found that the overall mean score for satisfaction with organizational retention of volunteers during the COVID-19 pandemic was 3.50 (SD = .98), and the importance of volunteer management practices was 3.52 (SD = .96). Most nonprofit organizations were proactive (38.8%) and reacted promptly (52.2%) while addressing the organizations’ response to the pandemic. Approximately 10.3% of the variation in satisfaction with organizational retention of volunteers during the COVID-19 pandemic could be explained by the importance of volunteer management practices and organizational response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, within the final model, only one factor was a significant predictor of satisfaction with organizational retention of volunteers during the COVID-19 pandemic, namely, organizational response to the COVID-19 pandemic (β = -.304; p = .014). Recommendations for future research discussed. Implications for volunteer management and leadership studies faculty, University Extension educators, human resources practitioners, and local nonprofit organizations’ leaders are also presented