A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ACCORDING TO THEIR GRADE AND FAMILY INCOME AT BASIC EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL, KWANTHAIR VILLAGE, CHAUNGZON TOWNSHIP, MON STATE, MYANMAR

The primary purpose of this research study was to compare students’ perceptions of community involvement, according to their grade and family income, in Kwanthair Village High School, Chaungzon Township, Mon State, Myanmar. The study was conducted with grades 10 and 11, a total of 136 students, during the academic year 2016-2017. It was designed as a quantitative and comparative study. A questionnaire was used for data collection which was adopted from Rivera (2001) based on Epstein’s (1995) six types of framework of involvement. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: Part I investigated the participants’ grade and family income, and Part II compared students’ perceptions of community involvement. The data collected from the survey was analyzed by Descriptive Statistics, Frequency and Percentage, Mean and Standard Deviation, t-test and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).Although the research finding results showed that there were no significant differences with students’ perceptions of community involvement, according to their grade and family income, students had positive views for continued community involvement in their education. The findings of this study could be helpful to administrators, teachers, parents and future researchers as to the importance of students’ perceptions of community involvement, and how it impacts on their achievement and educational performance

Historical Morphodynamics Assessment in Bridge Areas using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Currently the Ministry of Construction is responsible for planning and construction of bridges across the country but remote sensing and satellite data are not widely used in the Ministry’s routine process. Although the inspection and monitoring are carried out by the conventional methods, the remote sensing and GIS techniques are available as an alternative way with time and cost saving. From this study, the channel migration in the locations of Ayeyarwady bridges will be analyzed and mapped by identifying temporal changes of channels. Google Earth Engine is used as the primary application in this study and surface water extraction from historical Landsat satellite imagery is done by GEE. River centerline processing and erosion-deposition area identifications are carried out by GIS technique. Study period of each bridge is between 1987 and 2017. Bo Myat Tun Bridge and Ayeyarwady Bridge (Pakokku) are toped in the list with highest migration and erosion-deposition rate according to the study. The goal of this study is to assist the bridge inspections and channel monitoring works by means of remote sensing and GIS techniques which are currently undertaking by Ministry of Construction with conventional techniques

Analysis of Streamflow Response to Changing Climate Conditions Using SWAT Model

The understanding of climate change is curial for the security of hydrologic conditions of river basins and it is very important to study the climate change impacts on streamflow by analyzing the different climate scenarios with the help of the hydrological models. The main purpose of this study is to project the future climate impact on streamflow by using the SWAT model. The multi-model projections indicated that Upper Ayeyarwady River Basin is likely to become hotter in dry season under low rainfall intensity with increasing temperature and likely to become wetter but warmer in both rainy and winter season because of high rainfall intensity with increased temperature in future. The impact of climate change scenarios is predicted to decrease the annual streamflow by about 0.30 to 1.92% under RCP2.6, 5.59 to 7.29% under RCP4.5 and 10.43 to 11.92% under RCP8.5. Based on the change in high and low flow percentage with respect to the baseline period, the difference between high and low flow variation range will increase year by year based on future scenarios. Therefore, it can be concluded that it may occur more low flow in the dry season which leads to increase in water scarcity and drought and more high flow in the wet season which can cause flooding, water insecurity, stress, and other water-related disasters

Assessment of Future Climate Change Projections Using Multiple Global Climate Models

Nowadays, the hydrological cycle which alters river discharge and water availability is affected by climate change. Therefore, the understanding of climate change is curial for the security of hydrologic conditions of river basins. The main purpose of this study is to assess the projections of future climate across the Upper Ayeyarwady river basin for its sustainable development and management of water sector for this area. Global Ten climate Models available from CMIP5 represented by the IPCC for its fifth Assessment Report were bias corrected using linear scaling method to generate the model error. Among the GCMs, a suitable climate model for each station is selected based on the results of performance indicators (R2 and RMSE). Future climate data are projected based on the selected suitable climate models by using future climate scenarios: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. According to this study, future projection indicates to increase in precipitation amounts in the rainy and winter season and diminishes in summer season under all future scenarios. Based on the seasonal temperature changes analysis for all stations,  the future temperature are  predicted to steadily increase with higher rates during summer than the other two seasons and it can also be concluded that the monthly minimum temperature rise is a bit larger than the maximum temperature rise in all seasons

Targeted Control of Pulse Pressure Variation Versus Central Venous Pressure on Reduction of Intraoperative Blood Loss During Hepatic Resection

In liver resection, central venous pressure (CVP) was used conventionally as a method of volume status evaluation, and low CVP technique (≤ 5 mmHg) was used to reduce blood loss since the 1990s. In recent years, CVP was regarded as a static indicator to assess intravascular volume status. Pulse pressure variation (PPV) is a preload index that can be used to predict an individual’s fluid responsiveness through an existing arterial line. The purpose of this study was to determine if PPV is as safe and effective as CVP as a guide for fluid management during hepatic resection. Between February 2018 and June 2019 total 50 patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized to PPV targeted group (group A) or CVP targeted group (group B). In both groups, central venous catheter and arterial line were inserted. Fluid was restricted at 2ml/kg/hr starting before induction of anaesthesia. Nitroglycerine was started with 0.5 ug/kg/min and titrated to achieve targeted values of PPV (13-18%) in group A and CVP (2-5 mmHg) in group B

Graphene is neither Relativistic nor Non-Relativistic case: Thermodynamics Aspects

Discovery of electron hydrodynamics in graphene system has opened a new scope of analytic calculations in condensed matter physics, which was traditionally well cultivated in science and engineering as a non-relativistic hydrodynamics and in high energy nuclear and astro physics as relativistic hydrodynamics. Electrons in graphene follow neither non-relativistic nor relativistic hydrodynamics and thermodynamics. Present article has gone through systematic microscopic calculations of thermodynamical quantities like pressure, energy density, etc. of electron-fluid in graphene and compared with corresponding estimations for non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic cases. Identifying the Dirac fluid and Fermi liquid domains, we have sketched the transition of temperature and Fermi energy dependency of electron thermodynamics for graphene and other cases. An equivalent transition for quark matter is also discussed. The most exciting part is the general expression of specific heat, whose Fermi to Dirac fluid domain transition can be realized as a transition from a solid-based to a fluid-based picture. This understanding may be connected to the experimentally observed Wiedemann-Franz Law violation in the Dirac fluid domain of graphene system.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figure

Wiedemann-Franz law violation domain for graphene and nonrelativistic systems

Systematic and comparative research on Lorenz ratios for graphene and nonrelativistic systems has been studied to identify their Wiedemann-Franz law violation domain. Fermi energy and temperature are the main governing parameters for deciding the values of the Lorenz ratio, which is basically thermal conductivity divided by electrical conductivity times temperature times Lorenz number. Metals as three-dimensional nonrelativistic electron gas locate at higher Fermi-energy by temperature domain, where Lorenz ratio remains one. Hence, they obey the Wiedemann-Franz law. By creating higher doping in a two-dimensional graphene system, one can again reach a higher Fermi-energy by temperature domain and get a constant Lorenz ratio. For both graphene and non-relativistic systems, the Lorenz ratio goes below one if we go lower Fermi-energy by temperature domain, which is possible for the graphene system by decreasing the doping concentration. Experimentally observed greater than one Lorenz ratio in this lower Fermi-energy by temperature domain or Dirac Fluid domain indicates that non-fluid expressions of Lorenz ratio should be replaced by fluid-type expressions. We have noticed a divergent trend of Lorenz ratio in the Dirac Fluid domain using its fluid-type expression, and it matches with the trend of experimental data

Spatial and temporal assessment of human-water interactions at the Inle Lake, Myanmar: a socio-hydrological DPSIR analysis

Freshwater resources as a key aspect of socio-economic development, provide a large number of services in human and environmental systems. Nevertheless, human appropriation of these water resources and the modification of landscapes lead to potential threats on water availability and quality from local to global scales. The Inle Lake in Myanmar is an economically, traditionally, and ecologically important freshwater ecosystem that faced severe degradation from the 2000s. In its catchment area, a Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework is applied for an assessment period of 30 years from 1990 to 2020. The analysis results are complemented with a socio-hydrological survey, water quality assessment, a land use classification based on ground truth and satellite data, and hydrologic models. The resulting land use changes, - 13% forest, + 13% agriculture, and + 5% urban areas, lead to increased water yield, decreased evapotranspiration, and increased sediment yield. Together with other drivers and pressures such as climate change and anthropogenic pollution, these human activities are major threats for freshwater resources and the ecosystem. However, the existing awareness of the local population for the environmental degradation is obstructed by national and international crises and responses to negative developments can accelerate degradation if they are unplanned and short-term solutions. Our study shows that environmental degradation processes have a complex nature and can only be tackled in a coordinated way with a long-term perspective. DPSIR is a suitable approach to assess human-water dynamics and disentangle the complex interconnectedness of social and environmental systems in freshwater ecosystems, even in data-scarce regions

Shear Viscosity expression for Graphene system in Relaxation time approximation

We have gone through the detailed microscopic calculation of the shear viscosity of a 2-dimensional graphene system in the relaxation time approximation-based kinetic theory framework. After getting its final expressions, we compared it with the shear viscosity expressions of other possible 2-dimensional as well as 3-dimensional non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic fluid systems. The aim of the comparison is to reveal -- how their different one-body dispersion relations affect their many-body fluid properties like shear viscosity and viscosity to entropy density ratio. It is also aimed to reveal the 3-dimension to the 2-dimension transformation of their mathematical structures. We have numerically explored the differences in their order of magnitude and dependence on thermodynamical parameters -- temperature and chemical potential. Marking two thermodynamical domains -- Dirac fluid and Fermi liquid for a 2-dimensional graphene system, we have noticed that shear viscosity, entropy density as well as their ratios decrease towards saturated values when one goes from Fermi liquid to Dirac fluid domain. When one shifts from mili-electron Volt scales of temperature and chemical potential in condensed matter physics location to their Mega-electron Volt scales in high energy physics location, then the same results may be expected for hot quark matter case, where the transition from the neutron star to early universe domains may be considered as Fermi liquid to Dirac fluid transition.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figure

Slow Adaptive OFDMA Systems Through Chance Constrained Programming

Adaptive OFDMA has recently been recognized as a promising technique for providing high spectral efficiency in future broadband wireless systems. The research over the last decade on adaptive OFDMA systems has focused on adapting the allocation of radio resources, such as subcarriers and power, to the instantaneous channel conditions of all users. However, such "fast" adaptation requires high computational complexity and excessive signaling overhead. This hinders the deployment of adaptive OFDMA systems worldwide. This paper proposes a slow adaptive OFDMA scheme, in which the subcarrier allocation is updated on a much slower timescale than that of the fluctuation of instantaneous channel conditions. Meanwhile, the data rate requirements of individual users are accommodated on the fast timescale with high probability, thereby meeting the requirements except occasional outage. Such an objective has a natural chance constrained programming formulation, which is known to be intractable. To circumvent this difficulty, we formulate safe tractable constraints for the problem based on recent advances in chance constrained programming. We then develop a polynomial-time algorithm for computing an optimal solution to the reformulated problem. Our results show that the proposed slow adaptation scheme drastically reduces both computational cost and control signaling overhead when compared with the conventional fast adaptive OFDMA. Our work can be viewed as an initial attempt to apply the chance constrained programming methodology to wireless system designs. Given that most wireless systems can tolerate an occasional dip in the quality of service, we hope that the proposed methodology will find further applications in wireless communications