REFORMA JAVNE UPRAVE: NEKOLIKO NAPOMENA U POVODU LIBIJE

In specific national environment, every country should find reform solutions with regard to the institutional development, procedural consolidation and administrative personnel development. Administrative leadership is also important, especially in the context of the new public management ideas. Certain connections between current managerial philosophies, searching for good governance, and some basic characteristics of the Libyan system are identified. The new public management has been seen as a necessary reform element, which can be in-built in the picture of public administration system grounded on the values of good governance. Management systems, products and contracts, benchmarking, and controlling are stressed as the main elements of the new public management. Public-private partnership, reform of general administrative procedure, human resources development and management are mentioned as the additional reform elements. The main reform risks are connected with corruption and unethical behaviour of administrative personnel at all levels, from administrative leaders to the street-level bureaucrats.Svaka bi država trebala pronaći reformska rješenja koja se tiču institucionalnog razvoja, konsolidacije upravnih postupaka i razvoja upravnog osoblja unutar vlastitog specifičnog okružja. Upravno vodstvo također je važno, posebno u kontekstu ideja novog javnog menadžmenta. Pronađene su određene veze između današnjih menadžerskih filozofija koje su u potrazi za dobrom vladavinom te nekih temeljnih značajki libijskog sustava. Novi javni menadžment smatra se nužnim dijelom reformi, koji se može ugraditi u okvir sustava javne uprave temeljenog na vrijednostima dobre vladavine. Upravni (menadžerski) sustavi, orijentacija na »proizvode« i ugovore, usporedba kvalitete te kontrola navode se kao glavni elementi novog javnog menadžmenta. Javno-privatno partnerstvo, reforma općeg upravnog postupka te razvoj i upravljanje ljudskim potencijalima spominju se kao dodatni elementi reforme. Glavni rizici reforme tiču se korupcije i neetičkog ponašanja upravnog osoblja na svim razinama, od rukovoditelja do najnižih činovnik

Computed tomography-osteoaboorptiometry

A method of making a visual display of subchondral mineralization in the major synovial joints is described. Unlike existing procedures, it can be used on the living subject. A modified application of computed tomography-densitometry, computed tomography-osteoabsorptiometry makes it possible to explore the mechanical adaptability to the prevailing mechanical force. This claim is based upon the comparison of information obtained from 20 anatomical specimens with CT-osteoabsorptiometry and x-ray densitometry of sections; both methods yielding virtually identical results. The distribution of the subchondral density was then expressed as a map of the articular surface with the aid of an image analyser. This method can make a useful contribution to basic clinical research, as well as providing a diagnostic technique which can also be used for observing progress after a corrective osteotomy or any other procedure causing a change in mechanical function. Examples of its use on living patients are given

Reforma javne uprave u Austriji aktivnosti i perspektive

Reform is the constituting principle of public administration. It is only by this institutional mobility that public administration is able to meet the changing requirements of society. The reform of public administration must comply with political rationality and efficiency. The importance and significance of these goals may differ and depend on the relevant political issues. Sometimes it may be a higher level of democracy and participation, sometimes the improvement of social performances, sometimes reduction of state responsibility by means of deregulation and privatisation. These goals contradict each other as do public reforms themselves. The international trend to reduce state responsibilities and to make public administration more efficient has been met by measures that have also been taken in Austria. In particular, the (tentative) implementation of the action programme provided by the New Public Management is a signal for the will and ability of all public actors to modernize public administration. It is evident that the reform concepts could not be realized one to one. The actors were often forced to compromise and to meet the opponents halfway. It is also understandable that the recent public reform cannot be seen as a general concept characterized by logical consistency but as a project consisting of several parts with different levels of realization. Therefore, the ongoing reforms in Austria do not only have to be seen as a success but more than this as a promise for the future.Normalno stanje javne uprave nije stabilnost, nego promjena. Zato reforma javne uprave ne označuje nekakvo izvanredno stanje, nego njezine uobičajene »životne« uvjete. Reforma je temeljno načelo javne uprave. Samo kroz promjene institucija javna se uprava može prilagoditi zahtjevima i uvjetima društvene okoline. Opći cilj upravne reforme je promjena javne uprave u sustav koji sam od sebe reagira na promjene zadataka koji mu se postavljaju i automatski prilagođuje okvir donošenja odluka. Reforma javne uprave mora biti usklađena s političkom racionalnošću i efikasnošću. Važnost i izraženost političkih ciljeva može se razlikovati, a ovisi o pitanjima koja su politički relevantna. Ponekad je to viša razina demokracije i sudjelovanja građana, ponekad poboljšanje javnih usluga, ponekad ograničenje državnih odgovornosti putem deregulacije i privatizacije. Ti su ciljevi suprotstavljeni jedni drugima, jednako kao i reforme javne uprave koje ih pokušavaju doseći. Zbog tih se suprotstavljenosti ne može lako odgovoriti na pitanje jesu li upravne reforme dobre ili loše. One su ujedno i razlog zašto upravne reforme obično ne dobivaju opću podršku čim se ne svode na mjere pukog tehničkog poboljšavanja javne uprave. Nema sumnje da su noviji pokušaji reformi javne uprave u Austriji pozitivni. Austrija poduzima mjere usklađene s trendovima u drugim zemljama usmjerenima prema ograničavanju državnih odgovornosti i poboljšanju efikasnosti javne uprave. Osobito je okvirna primjena akcijskog programa utemeljenog na novom javnom menadžmentu pokazatelj volje i sposobnosti javnih aktera da moderniziraju javnu upravu. U tom se kontekstu može zapaziti da se pojedinci zahvaćeni reformskim mjerama ne opiru znatnije njihovu ostvarenju. Jasno je da se ne mogu ostvariti svi reformski koncepti. Akteri su često prisiljeni na kompromise i djelomično prihvaćanje suprotnih gledišta. Uzevši u obzir sve te aspekte, razumljivo je da novije upravne reforme ne mogu biti zasnovane na jednom općem konceptu obilježenom logičnom usklađenošću svih mjera, nego su projekti koji se sastoje od više dijelova s različitom mjerom ostvarenja. Zato se sadašnje reforme u Austriji ne mogu smatrati uspjehom, nego više od toga – obećanjem za budućnost

Die Darstellung der subchondralen Dichtemuster mittels der CT-Osteoabsorptiometrie (CT-OAM) zur Beurteilung der individuellen Gelenkbeanspruchung am Lebenden

The researches of Pauwels and those following him have demonstrated that the subchondral bone density distribution below the surface of a joint is a metrical parameter which mirrors the predominant stress acting on that joint. Their technique of x-ray densitometry cannot, however, be used during life. By employing computer tomography, a new method has been developed - CT-osteoabsorptiometry (CT-OAM) - which can be used to obtain the density distribution pattern in the living subject. By means of a comparative investigation on specimens which were examined both with traditional x-ray densitometry and with CT absorptiometry, it has been shown that the new method can produce the same results, but providing the great advantage to be used on the living. In addition, the density distribution pattern of the glenoid cavity has been examined in patients with various shoulder conditions, and also in gymnasts who exercise on the rings. The distribution of subchondral bone density showed different patterns in the different groups examined. Both the comparison of the methods and the subsequent study confirmed that CT osteoabsorptiometry enables assessment to be made of the individual long-term stresses acting on a living joint

The aesthetic paradox in processing conventional and non-conventional metaphors: A reaction time study

This study focuses on the relationship between cognitive effort and aesthetic-emotional evaluation in the processing of conventional and non-conventional metaphors. We postulate that an increased cognitive load — which is normally perceived as stressful — is evaluated positively when processing non-conventional metaphors. We have called this contradictory suspense ‘aesthetic paradox’. The aesthetic paradox was tested in two studies that differed in degree of processing demand. In study 1 (low processing demand) participants (N?=?40) read (non-)conventional metaphors, judged the adequacy of two metaphor paraphrases and assessed their own interpretation process. In study 2 (high processing demand) the same procedure was applied with the exception that participants (N?=?40) evaluated the appropriateness of one metaphor paraphrase. The results of both experiments confirm that non-conventional metaphors require longer reading and longer processing times than conventional metaphors, and they confirm the postulated paradoxical effect: the increase of cognitive effort in processing non-conventional metaphors is evaluated positively, provided that a satisfactory interpretation is found

Unmodified multi-wall carbon nanotubes in polylactic acid for electrically conductive injection-moulded composites

Tailoring the properties of natural polymers such as electrical conductivity is vital to widen the range of future applications. In this article, the potential of electrically conducting multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polylactic acid (PLA) composites produced by industrially viable melt mixing is assessed simultaneously to MWCNT influence on the composite’s mechanical strength and polymer crystallinity. Atomic force microscopy observations showed that melt mixing achieved an effective distribution and individualization of unmodified nanotubes within the polymer matrix. However, as a trade-off of the poor tube/matrix adhesion, the tensile strength was lowered. With 10 wt% MWCNT loading, the tensile strength was 26% lower than for neat PLA. Differential scanning calorimetric measurements indicated that polymer crystallization after injection moulding was nearly unaffected by the presence of nanotubes and remained at 15%. The resulting composites became conductive below 5 wt% loading and reached conductivities of 51 S m−1 at 10 wt%, which is comparable with conductivities reported for similar nanocomposites obtained at lab scale. </jats:p

FIBRILLATION OF FLAX AND WHEAT STRAW CELLULOSE: EFFECTS ON THERMAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYLALCOHOL)/FIBRE COMPOSITES

Nano-fibrillated cellulose was produced from flax and wheat straw cellulose pulps by high pressure disintegration. The reinforcing potential of both disintegrated nano-celluloses in a polyvinyl-alcohol matrix was evaluated. Disintegration of wheat straw was significantly more time and energy consuming. Disintegration did not lead to distinct changes in the degree of polymerization; however, the fibre diameter reduction was more than a hundredfold, creating a nano-fibrillated cellulose network, as shown through field-emission-scanning electron microscopy. Composite films were prepared from polyvinyl alcohol and filled with nano-fibrillated celluloses up to 40% mass fractions. Nano-fibrillated flax showed better dispersion in the polyvinyl alcohol matrix, compared to nano-fibrillated wheat straw. Dynamic mechanical analysis of composites revealed that the glass transition and rubbery region increased more strongly with included flax nano-fibrils. Intermolecular interactions between cellulose fibrils and polyvinyl alcohol matrix were shown through differential scanning calorimetry and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The selection of appropriate raw cellulose material for high pressure disintegration was an indispensable factor for the processing of nano-fibrillated cellulose, which is essential for the functional optimization of products

Feladatgyűjtemény a Döntéselmélet tantárgy elsajátításához

A szerzők szándéka szerint ez a feladatgyűjtemény mutatja meg az átkötéseket az elmélet és a gyakorlat, valamint a tudás és a képességek között, és teszi az elméleteket befogadhatóvá, hasznossá, és a mindennapok során használhatóvá. A feladatgyűjtemény követi a tantárgy kapcsán feldolgozandó témaköröket1, így a tizenegy fejezet a tizenegy tárgyalt témakörhöz kapcsolódó mindennapi példákat mutatja be: A problémamegoldás elmélete; Döntéselméleti felfogásmódok, irányzatok; A korlátozott racionalitás elmélete; A döntéshozatal pszichológiája; Kreatív döntéshozatal; Csoportos döntések; Konfliktusmenedzsment; Társadalmi döntések; Kultúra és döntéselmélet; Döntések és etika; Kockázat. Mindegyik témakörben 10 mintakérdés jelenik meg, amely rámutat arra, hogy milyen kérdéskörökben lehet az elméleteket hasznosítani. A kérdések fele a szerzők által megválaszolt, ezek azonban egy lehetséges választ képviselnek, hiszen a tantárgy épp a megközelítések sokszínűségét hivatott bemutatni. A kérdések és válaszok megegyeznek, hasonlítanak, vagy építenek az előző évek vizsgakérdéseire, ezáltal is segítve a hallgatókat a vizsgára történő felkészülésben. A kifejtendő vizsgakérdések általában aktuális közéleti, vagy az üzleti élethez köthető témákat járnak körül, amelynek vannak döntéselméleti vetületei. Néhány inkább az önreflexiót segíti elő. A jó válaszok gondolkodást, saját véleményt és azt alátámasztó érvelést igényelnek. Különböző válaszok egyaránt jók lehetnek, de fontos, hogy a válaszoknak legyen a kérdéshez kapcsolódó döntéselméleti megalapozottsága

Computed tomography-osteoabsorptiometry for assessing the density distribution of subchondral bone as a measure of long-term mechanical adaptation in individual joints

To estimate subchondral mineralisation patterns which represent the long-term loading history of individual joints, a method has been developed employing computed tomography (CT) which permits repeated examination of living joints. The method was tested on 5 knee, 3 sacroiliac, 3 ankle and 5 shoulder joints and then investigated with X-ray densitometry. A CT absorptiometric presentation and maps of the area distribution of the subchondral bone density areas were derived using an image analyser. Comparison of the results from both X-ray densitometry and CT-absorptiometry revealed almost identical pictures of distribution of the subchondral bone density. The method may be used to examine subchondral mineralisation as a measure of the mechanical adaptability of joints in the living subject