An Integrative Approach to Family Language Policy Experiences: The Case of French-English Bilingual Families in the UK

The present mixed-method study examines the family language policies (FLP) of transnational French-English bilingual families in England. The research commences with a quantitative portion aimed at identifying existing parental beliefs and language management methods through an online survey (n=164). The findings revealed the strong presence of heteroglossic beliefs combined with more traditional monoglossic ideas about bilingualism. The survey results also highlighted significant incongruence between parents’ reported beliefs regarding the flexible nature of bilingualism and their support for a language separation strategy. The dynamic between ideologies, management and practices was essentially driven by the practical concern of increasing heritage language input rather than by ideology. The second phase of the study was a qualitative investigation designed to obtain an emic perspective on how particular language policies were experienced by transnational families and their individual members. 6 of the 164 online respondents took part in case studies, together with their partners and school-age children. Drawing on a combination of interviews, language portraits and observations of family interactions, the findings revealed that language planning decisions were shaped not only by parents’ overt language ideologies but also by covert motivations closely linked to their level of attachment to their country of origin as well as their attitudes to the local culture. The results also demonstrated that FLP may have a profound impact on the experiences of all family members. This study argues that in order for parents to embrace their heteroglossic beliefs and engage in flexible language practices, additional sources of heritage language input must be provided to multilingual families. Additionally, it is essential that researchers adopt a more integrative approach to FLP including young heritage speakers’ perspectives in order to understand the impact of parental language planning on children’s bilingual experiences

To Mix or Not to Mix: Parental attitudes towards translanguaging and language management choices

Aim and objectives: The present study investigates parental language beliefs and management among French-English bilingual families in the UK. It addresses the following two research questions. (a) What are parents’ attitudes towards translanguaging and beliefs about effective language management? (b) Do these beliefs and attitudes translate into language separation strategies versus flexible language practices? Design/methodology: This paper reports part of the results of a mixed-method study consisting of an online survey as well as multiple in-depth case studies. The qualitative portion of the present article focuses on two case studies including face-to-face interviews and observations in the family home. Data and analysis: Responses to the online questionnaire ( n = 164) were analysed using descriptive statistics. Thematic analysis was used for interview data. Observations were analysed through the Family Language Policy framework and by looking at turn-taking sequences and meta-linguistic comments. Results: Parental ideologies appear to have evolved towards more positive attitudes towards language mixing. However, these positive attitudes towards translanguaging do not necessarily result in flexible language practices at home. Findings/conclusions: Language separation strategies such as one parent–one language may be adopted not as a result of ideologies, but despite parents’ beliefs about the flexible nature of bilingualism and owing to the pressure experienced by parents to develop children’s heritage language (HL) proficiency. Originality: The findings contradict previous studies, which reported the predominance of monoglossic language ideologies among middle-class parents. They suggest that parental language beliefs may have evolved and that a translingual ideology is making its way into multilingual families. Significance/implications: The study suggests that practical support in the form of additional sources of HL input, rather than theoretical guidance, would be required for parents to embrace flexible language management at home. The present study findings also highlight the dilemma parents face between prioritising their children’s bilingual development and fostering a harmonious bilingual environment for their families

Women Pioneer Diaries, 1820-1920: A Selected Annotated Bibliography

The works of twenty women whom participated in the westward expansion at some time between 1820 and 1920 are represented. The women have participated by immigration, emigration, homesteading, or simply living a trans-Mississippi community during the aforementioned time period. The work as a whole provides a variety of examples of the lifestyle and challenges of the period, which may highlight the uniqueness of each woman, while at the same time showing some common experience. Diaries have been selected to represent as many states as possible, in as many time periods as possible within the one hundred year time span, in an attempt to provide a representative bibliography. Overall, the diaries demonstrate the immediate value of writing, as well as its long term significance. Writing was important to diarists for various reasons, such as companionship and personal enjoyment. But without the diaries our understanding of history would be drastically diminished. If a goal of examining and analyzing literature is to better understand human nature, its complexities, strengths, and weaknesses, then pioneer women diaries are a rich source

The role of imagination in violin bow technique Applying imagination theory to Flesch and Galamian’s pedagogy

The theoretical concept of violin bow technique requires a differentiated understanding of what is involved in bow movement. The aim of this thesis is to develop the diversity of phenomenological explanations of violin bow technique through the application of imagination theory to the visual paradigm employed in Flesch and Galamian’s treatises. Imagination theory is defined through a survey of the pertinent, available literature from various disciplines including: sports psychology, education psychology, music psychology and works by lesser-known pedagogues. Analysis of documents and texts was used to identify common themes and compile a list of fundamental elements underlying the application of imagination theory. A contextual analysis of Flesch’s The Art of Violin Playing and Galamian’s Principles of Violin Playing and Teaching was conducted to understand the shift in philosophies of violin pedagogy from a visual paradigm to incorporating the temporal and kinaesthetic aspects of imagination theory. These two approaches to pedagogy were then combined and applied to some fundamental concepts and strokes of violin bow technique: bow hold and bow change, detaché, spun note (son filé), legato, martelé, and springing and thrown strokes – spiccato and sautillé. The present study successfully illustrates the application of imagination theory to violin bow technique as an effective method for developing a holistic, temporal and dynamic description and approach to violin bow techniques. This thesis shows that the combination of a visual paradigm with kinaesthetic sensations and imagery, the main type of motions involved (ballistic or continuous), muscle activity and limb movement required (what is active/passive, are they continuously- or actively-innervated), and the inclusion of impulses and understanding of the complete cycle of the technique successfully inspires and stimulates the imagination to understand and conceptualise the technique in its entirety

El teorema fundamental del cálculo: escenarios para su comprensión

Este trabajo propone tres escenarios construidos en un software dinámico que buscan relacionar el cálculo diferencial y el integral a través de la construcción comprensiva del teorema fundamental del cálculo. Dichos escenarios fueron construidos tomando como base las cuatro fases que sustentan el uso de herramientas tecnológicas en la resolución de un problema propuestas por Santos y Moreno (2013). Se resalta el acercamiento visual y empírico a través de la construcción de la derivada como la pendiente de la recta tangente a una curva, la construcción de la integral definida como el área bajo la curva en un intervalo cerrado y cómo éstas se relacionan en el teorema fundamental del cálculo

Obesity prevention and the role of hospital and community-based health services: A scoping review

Background: Control of obesity is an important priority to reduce the burden of chronic disease. Clinical guidelines focus on the role of primary healthcare in obesity prevention. The purpose of this scoping review is to examine what the published literature indicates about the role of hospital and community based health services in adult obesity prevention in order to map the evidence and identify gaps in existing research. Methods: Databases were searched for articles published in English between 2006 and 2016 and screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria. Further papers were highlighted through a manual search of the reference lists. Included papers evaluated interventions aimed at preventing overweight and obesity in adults that were implemented within and/or by hospital and community health services; were an empirical description of obesity prevention within a health setting or reported health staff perceptions of obesity and obesity prevention. Results: The evidence supports screening for obesity of all healthcare patients, combined with referral to appropriate intervention services but indicates that health professionals do not typically adopt this practice. As well as practical issues such as time and resourcing, implementation is impacted by health professionals’ views about the causes of obesity and doubts about the benefits of the health sector intervening once someone is already obese. As well as lacking confidence or knowledge about how to integrate prevention into clinical care, health professional judgements about who might benefit from prevention and negative views about effectiveness of prevention hinder the implementation of practice guidelines. This is compounded by an often prevailing view that preventing obesity is a matter of personal responsibility and choice. Conclusions: This review highlights that whilst a population health approach is important to address the complexity of obesity, it is important that the remit of health services is extended beyond medical treatment to incorporate obesity prevention through screening and referral. Further research into the role of health services in obesity prevention should take a systems approach to examine how health service structures, policy and practice interrelationships, and service delivery boundaries, processes and perspectives impact on changing models of care

STUDY OF SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATIONS CONTAINING FICUS SPECIES

Objective: The present study aims at screening the synergistic effect on the therapeutic efficiency of traditional herbal medicine Nalpamaradi Choorna and Nalpamaradi Keram, containing four Ficus species. The efficiency of formulations prepared by mixing crude drug is tested concerning their Antioxidant and Antibacterial activities. It will also provide and validate the use of these drugs in the current trend of targeted Combination Therapy for various neurodegenerative diseases.Methods: The in-vitro studies of the methanol extracts of the barks of the four individual plants, their different combinations, and the choorna were conducted by DPPH method, and the obtained EC50 values were compared to evaluate the synergistic effect. The antibacterial activity of Nalpamaradi Keram and the four Ficus plants was tested against two microorganisms Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using agar well method.Results: The formulation prepared by mixing equal proportions of the four plants exhibited maximum %AA value of 93.36 % and EC50 value 8.00 µg/ml while the marketed drug showed maximum % AA of 87.30 % and an EC50 value of 29.0µg/ml. The combination of Ficus bengalensis (F. ben), Ficus racemosa (F. rac) and Ficus religiosa (F. rel) demonstrated the maximum % AA of 92.35 % and a very low EC50 value of 6.00µg/ml. All the samples except Ficus microcarpa (F. mic) exhibited antibacterial property against both the bacteria. Nalpamaradi Keram has shown the zone of inhibition of 20.0 mm against S. aureus and 18.0 mm against E. coli. Conclusion: The present investigation justifies the traditional use of these medicinal plants as antibacterial and antioxidant agents and validates their synergistic effect with improved activity in the formulations. Therefore, it is judicious to mix all the four Ficus species in the formulation of Nalpamaradi choorna and Nalpamaradi keram.Keywords: Antioxidant and synergistic activity, Antimicrobial activity, Ficus species, Polyherbal formulations, Radio protectivit

Advancing haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell biology through single-cell profiling.

Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) sit at the top of the haematopoietic hierarchy, and their fate choices need to be carefully controlled to ensure balanced production of all mature blood cell types. As cell fate decisions are made at the level of the individual cells, recent technological advances in measuring gene and protein expression in increasingly large numbers of single cells have been rapidly adopted to study both normal and pathological HSPC function. In this review we emphasise the importance of combining the correct computational models with single-cell experimental techniques, and illustrate how such integrated approaches have been used to resolve heterogeneities in populations, reconstruct lineage differentiation, identify regulatory relationships and link molecular profiling to cellular function.Research in the authors' laboratory is supported by Cancer Research UK, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Bloodwise, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (Tracing Early Mammalian Lineage Decisions by Single Cell Genomics) and core support grants by the Wellcome Trust to the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute. FKH and SN gratefully acknowledge the MRC for funding of their studentships.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.1223

Dual Requirement for Yeast hnRNP Nab2p in mRNA poly(A) Tail Length Control and Nuclear Export

Recent studies of mRNA export factors have provided additional evidence for a mechanistic link between mRNA 3′‐end formation and nuclear export. Here, we identify Nab2p as a nuclear poly(A)‐binding protein required for both poly(A) tail length control and nuclear export of mRNA. Loss of NAB2 expression leads to hyperadenylation and nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA but, in contrast to mRNA export mutants, these defects can be uncoupled in a nab2 mutant strain. Previous studies have implicated the cytoplasmic poly(A) tail‐binding protein Pab1p in poly(A) tail length control during polyadenylation. Although cells are viable in the absence of NAB2 expression when PAB1 is overexpressed, Pab1p fails to resolve the nab2Δ hyperadenylation defect even when Pab1p is tagged with a nuclear localization sequence and targeted to the nucleus. These results indicate that Nab2p is essential for poly(A) tail length control in vivo, and we demonstrate that Nab2p activates polyadenylation, while inhibiting hyperadenylation, in the absence of Pab1p in vitro. We propose that Nab2p provides an important link between the termination of mRNA polyadenylation and nuclear export

Role of hypoxia in the control of the cell cycle

The cell cycle is an important cellular process whereby the cell attempts to replicate its genome in an error-free manner. As such, mechanisms must exist for the cell cycle to respond to stress signals such as those elicited by hypoxia or reduced oxygen availability. This review focuses on the role of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms initiated in hypoxia that interface with cell cycle control. In addition, we discuss how the cell cycle can alter the hypoxia response. Overall, the cellular response to hypoxia and the cell cycle are linked through a variety of mechanisms, allowing cells to respond to hypoxia in a manner that ensures survival and minimal errors throughout cell division