Utilization of ferrous leach liquor to synthesize gamma ferric oxide

The production of pigment grade titanium dioxide involves leaching of ilmenite with acids that also results in the formation of ferrous sulfate/chloride. Usually the ferrous salts are spray-roasted to regenerate the sulfuric acid/hydrochloric acid for recycling. However, the quantities of ferrous leach liquor and the capital cost of the regeneration plant dictate the viability of regeneration of acids, In the case of smaller ilmenite processing plants, the regeneration of the acid is not economical and warrants alternate methods of using the ferrous leach liquor, The present paper describes a novel method of synthesizing gamma ferric oxide from ferrous leach liquor obtained from a titanium dioxide pigment plant situated in south India. The partial precipitation technique is employed to purify the ferrous leach liquor and make it suitable for the synthesis. Sodium carbonate is used to precipitate iron as ferrous carbonate and is directly calcined to yield gamma ferric oxide. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of heating rate, condition of the precipitate, whether dry or wet, and extent of oxidation of ferrous on the magnetic properties such as coercivity and specific magnetization. Cobalt-doped gamma ferric oxide was also prepared by the carbonate precipitation route

Who has a wine-identity? Consumption practices between distinction and democratization

The relevance of consumer goods and consumer behaviour for the constitution and confirmation of a self-concept is widely acknowledged in consumer studies. However, in light of discussions in sociological theory, there is a question whether this is a selfconcept planed individually and connected to feelings of anxiety, as analysts of the contemporary society like Baumann, Beck and Giddens would have it, or whether consumption in the end is still bound to social identities grounded in belonging to social categories or socio-economic position. The question is empirically tested in this essay using the example of wine consumption and the relevance of such consumption for constructing a self-concept. The empirical analysis indicates first, that only a small group of consumers with high involvement in wine consumption considers wine relevant for their identity, and second, that both the construction of a wine-related consumer identity, as well as the feelings of insecurity and embarrassment associated with it are not directly influenced by socio-structural factors. Instead, in the case of wine consumption, these are transmitted through lifestyles and social networks