Estimated ratio of questions from male and female scientists.

<p>The estimated ratio of male:female question rate estimated from the overall model and the two models with only those people judged to be under 50 years old. The grey lines indicate the point at which male audience members ask the same number of questions as female audience members (solid grey line) and twice as many questions (dashed grey line). The “<50 model observed proportion” is the model with the offset using the first assumption–that proportion of the younger audience that is male is the same as the observed proportion of the entire audience. This is likely to be an overestimate of the proportion of men in the younger age group, and the estimated ratio shown here will likely be negatively biased as a result. The “<50 model adjusted proportion” is the model with the offset using the second assumptions and adjusting the estimated proportion men and women in the younger audience to account for the fact that more senior researchers are male.</p

Parameters recorded in each session.

<p>Parameters recorded in each session.</p

Ecosystem Service Valuations of Mangrove Ecosystems to Inform Decision Making and Future Valuation Exercises

<div><p>The valuation of ecosystem services is a complex process as it includes several dimensions (ecological, socio-cultural and economic) and not all of these can be quantified in monetary units. The aim of this paper is to conduct an ecosystem services valuation study for mangroves ecosystems, the results of which can be used to inform governance and management of mangroves. We used an expert-based participatory approach (the Delphi technique) to identify, categorize and rank the various ecosystem services provided by mangrove ecosystems at a global scale. Subsequently we looked for evidence in the existing ecosystem services literature for monetary valuations of these ecosystem service categories throughout the biogeographic distribution of mangroves. We then compared the relative ranking of ecosystem service categories between the monetary valuations and the expert based analysis. The experts identified 16 ecosystem service categories, six of which are not adequately represented in the literature. There was no significant correlation between the expert based valuation (the Delphi technique) and the economic valuation, indicating that the scope of valuation of ecosystem services needs to be broadened. Acknowledging this diversity in different valuation approaches, and developing methodological frameworks that foster the pluralism of values in ecosystem services research, are crucial for maintaining the credibility of ecosystem services valuation. To conclude, we use the findings of our dual approach to valuation to make recommendations on how to assess and manage the ecosystem services provided by mangrove ecosystems.</p></div

Ecosystem service categories identified by the mangrove Delphi, grouped according to the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) v4.3 (http://cices.eu/).

<p>The first five columns belong to the CICES framework and the results of the Delphi technique are included in the last column.</p><p>Ecosystem service categories identified by the mangrove Delphi, grouped according to the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) v4.3 (<a href="http://cices.eu/" target="_blank">http://cices.eu/</a>).</p

Appendix A. Bleaching reports used to assess the geographical extent of coral bleaching in the Caribbean.

Bleaching reports used to assess the geographical extent of coral bleaching in the Caribbean

Ranking of the ecosystem service categories of mangroves based on the scores given by the experts in the Delphi technique.

<p>Ranking of the ecosystem service categories of mangroves based on the scores given by the experts in the Delphi technique.</p

Map representing countries (coloured black) where the experts have conducted primary research.

<p>Map representing countries (coloured black) where the experts have conducted primary research.</p

Average economic values (log scale) of the different ecosystem services noted in literature standardized for 2007 Int$/ha*yr.

<p>The five ecosystem services for which no economic values were found, are highlighted in the shaded box.</p

Rasters associated with Sandel et al. 2011 -- converted

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Rasters associated with Sandel et al. 2011

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