Archeologisch vooronderzoek bij de doortrekking van de R6 rond Mechelen

Dit rapport werd ingediend bij het agentschap samen met een aantal afzonderlijke digitale bijlagen. Een aantal van deze bijlagen zijn niet inbegrepen in dit pdf document en zijn niet online beschikbaar. Sommige bijlagen (grondplannen, fotos, spoorbeschrijvingen, enz.) kunnen van belang zijn voor een betere lezing en interpretatie van dit rapport. Indien u deze bijlagen wenst te raadplegen kan u daarvoor contact opnemen met: [email protected]

No effect of New Zealand blackcurrant extract on recovery of muscle damage following running a half-marathon

New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) contains anthocyanins, known to moderate blood flow and display anti-inflammatory properties that may improve recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. The authors examined whether NZBC extract supplementation enhances recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage after a half-marathon race. Following a randomized, double-blind, independent groups design, 20 (eight women) recreational runners (age 30 ± 6 years, height 1.73 ± 0.74 m, body mass 68.5 ± 7.8 kg, half-marathon finishing time 1:56:33 ± 0:18:08 hr:min:s) ingested either two 300-mg/day capsules of NZBC extract (CurraNZ™) or a visually matched placebo, for 7 days prior to and 2 days following a half-marathon. Countermovement jump performance variables, urine interleukin-6, and perceived muscle soreness and fatigue were measured pre, post, and at 24 and 48 hr after the half-marathon and analyzed using a mixed linear model with statistical significance set a priori at p  .05). Urine interleukin-6 increased 48-hr post-half-marathon in the NZBC group only (p  .05). Perceived muscle soreness and fatigue increased immediately post-half-marathon (p  .05). Supplementation with NZBC extract had no effect on the recovery of countermovement jump variables and perceptions of muscle soreness or fatigue following a half-marathon in recreational runners

Single-step methodology for genomic evaluation in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

Genomic information can contribute significantly to the increase in accuracy of genetic predictions compared to using pedigree relationships alone. The main objective of this study was to compare the prediction ability of pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (PBLUP) and single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) models. Turkey records of feed conversion ratio, residual feed intake, body weight, breast meat yield, and walking ability were provided by Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Canada. This data was analyzed using pedigree-based and single-step genomic models. The genomic relationship matrix was calculated either using observed allele frequencies, all allele frequencies equal to 0.5 or with a different scaling. To avoid potential problems with inversion, three different weighting factors were applied to combine the genomic and pedigree matrices. Across the studied traits, ssGBLUP had higher heritability estimates and significantly outperformed PBLUP in terms of accuracy. Walking ability was genetically negatively correlated to body weight and breast meat yield; however, it was not correlated to FCR or RFI. Body weight showed a moderate positive genetic correlation to feed conversion ratio, residual feed intake and breast meat yield. Feed conversion ratio was strongly correlated to residual feed intake (0.68±0.06). There was almost no genetic correlation between breast meat yield and feed efficiency traits. Larger differences in accuracy between PBLUP and ssGBLUP were observed for traits with lower heritability. Results of the three weighting factors showed only slight differences and an increase in accuracy of prediction compared to PBLUP. Slightly different levels of bias were observed across the models, but were higher among the traits; BMY was the only trait that had a regression coefficient higher than 1 (1.38 to 1.41). We show that incorporating genomic information increases the prediction accuracy for preselection of young candidate turkeys for the five traits investigated. Single-step genomic prediction showed substantially higher accuracy estimates than the pedigree-based model, and only slight differences in bias were observed across the alternate models

Future En Route Workstation Study (Fews II) Part 2: Automation Integration Research

The expected increase in air traffic makes it essential to investigate how to develop tools to assist controllers best without sacrificing safety, efficiency, or workload. The Future En Route Workstation Study (FEWS I) concept takes an integrated approach to controller workstation development that applies best human factors principles to the design of the computer-human interface to promote more efficient and effective controller interaction. The current simulation assessed controller performance and workload using the Display System Replacement (DSR), the En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM), and the modified FEWS interface(FEWS II). We measured controller eye movements, situation awareness, ratings about system features and functions, workload, performance, and measures of aircraft efficiency at air traffic levels corresponding to levels anticipated for 2015 and beyond. The FEWS II configuration resulted in fewer data entries than DSR or ERAM, although it did not result in a reduction in workload. Controllers had a significantly lower number of controller deviations when using the FEWS II configuration with a two-person sector and Data Communications available. We showed a reduction in controller workload when Data Communications was available in a two-person sector. Regression analyses showed that at the same workload level, controllers could handle more aircraft when they worked as a team and Data Communications was available

Advanced Concept of the National Airspace System of 2015: Human Factors Considerations for Air Traffic Control

During the next decade, all users and service providers within the National Airspace System (NAS) will experience profound changes. This report focuses on changes to the roles, responsibilities, and procedures for air traffic controllers during the transition and implementation of the new NAS. This report provides a description of upcoming enhancements for each system, human factors implications of these enhancements, and the effect of these new technologies and processes on air traffic controllers. The authors suggest that technology alone will not be able to support the increased capacity demands and that system designers will need to rely on a combination of technology and consideration of the human operators in the system. They conclude that the primary human factors considerations of these new technologies and procedures are in the areas of information processing, situation awareness, workload, errors, skill acquisition and maintenance, and new roles and responsibilities

Review of Aircraft Self-Spacing Concepts : Implications for Controller Display Requirements

This report summarizes the concepts and the simulations conducted on pilot self-spacing and self-separation between 2005 and 2007and focuses on the implications for air traffic control information needs and display enhancements. It follows a previous literature review on these concepts by McAnulty and Zingale (2005). In 2007, air traffic levels were predicted to double or triple by the year2025. To manage this increase, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been planning to modernize the National Airspace System and to develop new concepts, procedures, and tools that will alter the roles and responsibilities of pilots and controllers. These concepts include the delegation of some responsibilities and procedures to the flight deck of appropriately equipped aircraft. It is anticipated that not all aircraft will be equipped to conduct these procedures at the same time. Therefore, some aircraft will be able to conduct such procedures as self-spacing and self-separation earlier than others, resulting in a mixed-equipage environment. Based on the level of traffic management required, controllers will need information to differentiate aircraft. The FAA must conduct extensive testing on these concepts and on the type of support provided to controllers to ensure that efficiency goals are realized while risks are minimized

Decision Support Automation Research in the En route Air Traffic Control Environment

This study examined the effect of automated decision support on Certified Professional Controller (CPC) behavior. Sixteen CPCs from Air Route Traffic Control Centers participated in human-in-the-loop simulations. CPCs controlled two levels of traffic, supported by either paper flight strips, electronic flight strips with conflict indication, or conflict probe and trial planning automation. Each CPC worked as either a radar or a data controller. The controller station included a display system replacement console and a prototype decision support tool (DST). The station consisted of operational hardware and software connected to an operational Host Computer System (HCS). The HCS received simulated radar from the William J. Hughes Technical Center Target Generation Facility. We assessed CPC behavior by using instruments that assessed situation awareness (SA), workload, visual scanning, trust, and performance. An increase in traffic or automation or working as a data controller lowered SA. An increase in traffic or automation or working as a radar controller increased workload. An increase in automation shifted the focus of the data controller from the radar display to the DST, whereas, an increase in traffic shifted the focus more to the radar display. With an increase in traffic or a decrease in automation, the trust in automation decreased. If subject matter experts indicated a difference between conditions, it involved better CPC performance under lower traffic and more automated conditions. The results have implications for controller training, distribution of responsibilities within controller teams, and air traffic control human computer interface design

Implications of Reduced involvement in En Route Air Traffic Control

The expansion of the National Route Program will allow airlines to be more flexible in filing and amending flight plans. This may result in a change in the role of the air traffic control specialist from direct control to a position with more monitoring responsibilities. This change may result in a reduction of situation awareness, memory and vigilance. This experiment investigated the effect of moving a controller from the current active control to a monitoring position. It examined the effect of the change in involvement and task load by measuring eye movements, workload, situation awareness, system performance, controller performance ratings, organization of information in memory, and responses to questionnaires. Controllers received training on a generic en route airspace, the Genera High sector, during four practice simulations of 40 minutes each. They then worked four 30-minute experimental scenarios. Results indicated that controllers showed a less structured scanning pattern under high task load and active involvement conditions. Measured workload correlated well with traffic volume. Under monitoring conditions, controllers perceived lower workload. Controller situation awareness was lower under monitoring conditions and decreased further with an increase in task load. Controllers perceived that their situation awareness did not change between active control and passive monitoring. The decrease in situation awareness warrants careful examination of the need for training and assistance of controllers for situations where they no longer function in the current active control position