Особенности немецкого языка переселенцев из бывшего СССР в Германии

Previous studies have suggested that murine peritoneal cavity-derived B-1a cells possess similarities with described regulatory B cell subsets. The aim of the current study was to examine the potential immunoregulatory function of peritoneal cavity-derived B(-1a) cells. In vitro activation of peritoneal cavity-derived B- and B-1a cells shows that activation of these B cells with anti-CD40 and LPS induces these cells to secrete more IL-10, IL-6 and IgM as compared to splenic B cells. In a suppression assay, CD40/TLR4-activated peritoneal cavity B cells possess regulatory B cell functions as they inhibit the capacity of CD4(+) T cells to produce both tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. Splenic B cells did not show this, whereas non-activated peritoneal cavity B cells augmented the capacity of CD4(+) T cells to produce tumor necrosis factor-α, while the ability to produce interferon-γ was not altered. The current paper compares splenic B cells to peritoneal cavity B(-1a) cells in an in vitro activation- and an suppression-assay and concludes that peritoneal cavity B(-1a) cells possess properties that appear similar to splenic autoimmune-suppressive regulatory B cell subsets described in the literature

Agroinjection of Tomato Fruits. A Tool for Rapid Functional Analysis of Transgenes Directly in Fruit

Transient expression of foreign genes in plant tissues is a valuable tool for plant biotechnology. To shorten the time for gene functional analysis in fruits, we developed a transient methodology that could be applied to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv Micro Tom) fruits. It was found that injection of Agrobacterium cultures through the fruit stylar apex resulted in complete fruit infiltration. This infiltration method, named fruit agroinjection, rendered high levels of 35S Cauliflower mosaic virus-driven β-glucuronidase and yellow fluorescence protein transient expression in the fruit, with higher expression levels around the placenta and moderate levels in the pericarp. Usefulness of fruit agroinjection was assayed in three case studies: (1) the heat shock regulation of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) promoter, (2) the production of recombinant IgA antibodies as an example of molecular farming, and (3) the virus-induced gene silencing of the carotene biosynthesis pathway. In all three instances, this technology was shown to be efficient as a tool for fast transgene expression in fruits

A functional polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in chicken (Gallus gallus) indicates ancient role of secretory IgA in mucosal immunity.

Animals are continuously threatened by pathogens entering the body through natural openings. Here we show that in chicken ( Gallus gallus ), secretory IgA (sIgA) protects the epithelia lining these natural cavities. A gene encoding a chicken polymeric Ig receptor ( GG-pIgR ), a key component of sIgA, was identified, and shown to be expressed in the liver, intestine and bursa of Fabricius. All motifs involved in pIgR function are present, with a highly conserved Ig-binding motif in the first Ig-like domain. Physical association of GG-pIgR with pIgA in bile and intestine demonstrates that this protein is a functional receptor. Thus, as shown for mammals, this receptor interacts with J-chain-containing polymeric IgA (pIgA) at the basolateral epithelial cell surface resulting in transcytosis and subsequent cleavage of the pIgR, releasing sIgA in the mucosal lumen. Interestingly, the extracellular portion of GG-pIgR protein comprises only four Ig-like domains, in contrast with the five domain structure found in mammalian pIgR genes. The second Ig-like domain of mammalian pIgR does not have an orthologous domain in the chicken gene. The presence of pIgR in chicken suggests that this gene has evolved before the divergence of birds and reptiles, indicating that secretory Igs may have a prominent role in first line defence in various non-mammalian species

PerC– and Splenic B cells possess different surface markers after activation.

<p>Indicated B cell populations were stained extracellular with mAbs against CD19 and indicated markers after both a 48 h period of stimulation using αCD40+5 hr LPS (+: activated; see materials and methods) and after being isolated freshly (–: non-activated). Shown in A are expression levels of indicated markers on CD19⁺ B cells (representative plots of two identical replicate experiments), in B the average geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GeoMFI) levels from two identical replicate experiments.</p

Activated PerC B cells suppress TNF-α- an IFN-γ-production by CD4⁺ T cells.

<p>Splenic- and PerC B cells were activated <i>in vitro</i> for 48 h using αCD40+5 hr LPS (see materials and methods), and co-cultured with splenic CD4⁺ T cells that were stimulated polyclonally with anti-CD3 for 72 h. The cells were additionally stimulated with PMA/ionomycin/LPS during the last 5 hours of the co-culture in order to facilitate intracellular TNF-α and IFN-γ staining. Shown are representative plots of TNF–α (A) and IFN-γ (C) production by CD4⁺ T cells, and the percentages of T cells producing TNF-α (B) and IFN-γ (D). E and F additionally show the data for indicated non-activated B cell subsets. Shown in B, D and E are the mean ± S.D. of pooled results from two identical replicate experiments (with at least triplicate technical replicates each) that produced similar data. Statistically significant differences between the various culture conditions (B and D) were calculated using a one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test. ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.</p

PerC B-1a cells secrete IL-10 and IL-6 similarly to the undifferentiated PerC B cell population.

<p>FACS-purified CD19⁺ CD11b⁺ CD5⁺ PerC B-1a cells were cultured for 48 h in the presence of medium or indicated stimuli. Intracellular IL-10 staining was performed after additional stimulation with PMA/ionomycin/LPS and both representative flow cytometric plots (A) and the percentage of IL-10⁺ B cells (B) are shown, whereas the levels of IL-10 (C) and IL-6 (D) were determined directly from the supernatant (before restimulation took place) using Luminex. Shown in B-D are the mean ± S.D. of pooled results from two identical replicate experiments (with 2–5 technical replicates each) that produced similar data. Statistically significant differences between the various stimuli and the medium control (B-D) of PerC B-1a cells were calculated using a one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test. ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.</p

Activation status of B cells is critical for the effects exerted on T cells.

<p>B- and T cell cultures and subsequent intracellular staining were performed as explained in the legend of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088869#pone-0088869-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>. The percentages of T cells producing TNF-α (A) and IFN-γ (B) after co-culture with indicated activated (+) or non-activated (–) B cell subsets is shown. In A and B the mean ± S.D. are depicted of pooled results from two identical replicate experiments (with at least triplicate technical replicates each) that produced similar data. The cytokine levels of indicated B- and T cell cultures (C) were determined from the supernatant using Luminex. Levels shown in C are the mean ± S.D. of pooled results from two identical replicate experiments (with at least triplicate technical replicates each). Statistically significant differences between the various culture conditions were calculated using a one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test. *p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.</p