The economic benefit of a long term coating strategy

When a ship reaches the end of its service life it is broken down at a demolition site to recover steel and other useful items. The recycling process itself imposes risks to the human health and safety, as well as to our habitat by sending toxic components into the atmosphere and the maritime environment. Not all parts and products can be recycled and thus waste, toxic and non-toxic, is generated. Extending the service life of a ship can contribute to the protection of human life and the environment.The same is valid when looking at the service life from the ship construction point of view. If the service life of a ship is extended less ships have to be built. To estimate the energy consumption of steel production Javaherdashti (2008) suggests that the energy required to produce one ton of steel is approximately equal to the energy an average family consumes over 3 months and roughly worldwide one ton of steel turns into rust every 90 seconds (Javaherdashti, 2008). The service life of a ship is not determined by the external battering of the ship’s hull by wind and waves but mainly by the internal gradual corrosion of the ballast tanks (Thapar, 2013). The latter implicates that a coating with a longer service life will have a direct impact on the life cycle of the ship, the toxic components send into the atmosphere and the energy consumption.Most ballast tanks are prepared and coated according to the IMO Performance Standard for Protective Coating (PSPC), using a light-coloured epoxy coating that, when on board maintenance is being performed by the crew, should remain in a good condition for 15 years. Ship owners are not only pushed by international legislation (IMO, 2009) but also by commercial needs in preserving a good reputation, to keep the ballast tanks of their vessels in a good condition to avoid extra inspections and costs. Aiming to extend the service life of your vessel to 25 years with ballast tanks in a good condition, a full-recoat must be considered. Recoating is bad for the environment as toxic components are sent into the atmosphere

Reviews of Rajesh Singh, _Periodisation of Rock-cut Monuments of India_ and _Khīṅgīla vs. Buddhist Caves_

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Note About Early Buddhist Schools

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Any Chinese Translation Of Theravada Pali

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Aggregate effects on ecosystem services from certification of tea farming:powerpoint

Agriculture sustainability standards and certification are considered a promising approach to incentivize and support environmental conservation and improved livelihoods in rural areas. However, evidence of impact is limited by methodological challenges that hamper the quantification of certification-induced changes, especially at an aggregate, cross-farm, level. Responding to this evidence gap, this paper aims to estimate the aggregate watershed level changes to ecosystem services from the adoption of Rainforest Alliance tea certification in the Upper Tana River watershed in Kenya. The concept of ecosystem services bridges natural and social systems, and is therefore a suitable measure to evaluate impacts on people and nature with one single measure. In this study we: i) apply ecosystem service models to estimate the effect of adopting farm-level practices prescribed by certification on the watershed-level delivery of selected ecosystem services, and; ii) evaluate the spatial modelling applications for their ability to quantify impact with the objective to guide future decision making. To inform model development and parameterization, we visited tea growers in the study area and collected information on management practices before and after certification. We also evaluated model outcomes for their sensitivity to input data and model choice. We found that adoption of agricultural practices prescribed in the certification standard substantially reduces sediment export into watercourses, with certification resulting an estimated vast reduction of sediment load compared to a without -certification scenario. However, certified farmers’ increased use of fertilizer to boost productivity is estimated to result in greater nitrogen and phosphorous loads post-certification

Brief Note About The Heart Sutra And Its Composition

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