The antibacterial activity of selected plants towards resistant bacteria isolated from clinical specimens

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the antibacterial activity of eight plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, which are the most prevalent causes of infections in inpatients.MethodsThe antibacterial activity was calculated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration using Mueller–Hinton broth in a microdilution method.ResultsThe best antibacterial activity, calculated as minimum inhibitory concentration values, against MRSA was shown by the Kaempferia pandurata (Roxb) (K. pandurata) extract (256 μg/mL) and the Senna alata (S. alata) extract (512 μg/mL). Phytochemical screening of dried S. alata leaf and its extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, quinones, tannins and sterols, while dried K. pandurata and its extract only showed the presence of flavonoids and sterols/triterpenoids.ConclusionsK. pandurata and S. alata have the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents, especially against MRSA strain, but further in vivo research and discovery of the mode of its action are still needed to shed light on the effects

EVALUATION OF THE COMBINED ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF KAEMPFERIA PANDURATA RHIZOME AND SENNA ALATA LEAVES AGAINST METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Objectives: The present study was performed to show the combination in vitro activities of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Kaempferiapandurata and Senna alata against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Methods: The antibacterial activities were calculated based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using microdilution method and minimumbactericidal concentration. The antimicrobial interaction between plant extract with antibiotic was performed using the paper disc and checkerboardmethod.Results: The similar MIC value was displayed by ethyl acetate fraction of K. pandurata and S. alata (128 µg/mL) while the ethanolic extract ofK. pandurata showed lower than S. alata, 512 µg/mL and 256 µg/mL, respectively. The combination between the ethanolic extract of K. panduratawith S. alata showed synergism in all MIC tested and its fraction combination showed synergism in selected MIC value.Conclusions: The observed antimicrobial efficacy and synergistic interactions indicate the beneficial aspects for the MRSA treatment.Keywords: Antimicrobial, Interaction, Kaempferia pandurata, Senna alata, Minimum inhibition concentration, Checkerboard, Synergism

Detection of Drug Interaction in GICU (General Intensive Care Unit) at One Hospital in Bandung

ICU defined as an intensive monitoring place and life support activities as well as definite therapy in life-threatens disease patients. In this Unit, patients generally receive treatment from various doctors that a patient can receive a variety of drugs from different doctors (polypharmacy). This unit also has higher frequency of drug demand than the other units in the hospital so the potential or actual drug interactions can occur. This study begins with a retrospective pilot study in ICU, concurrent studies in GICU (General Intensive Care Unit), data analysis and conclusions. Detection of drug interactions concurrently on 185 patients obtained 78 drug interactions that consists of 46 (58.97%) pharmacodynamic interactions and 27 (34.61%) pharmacokinetic interactions

Edukasi Anti Penyalahgunaan Obat Kepada Siswa SD di Kota Palu melalui Media Kartu Kuartet: Education Of Anti-drug Abuse For Elementary School Students In Palu Citythrough Quartet Card Media

Cases of illegal drugs and drug abuse in the elementary school community in Indonesia is increasingly massive and alarming. An innovation to protect elementary school students from that situation is through the colaboration of academics from Bandung Institute of Technology with FDA in Palu in the form education of  anti-drug abuse for elementary school students through quartet card media. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the education on anti-drug abuse knowledge in fifth grade students in Palu City. The research method used pre-experimental design with the design of one group pretest-posttest on three elementary schools which were representatives of three ranks namely; good, quite good and not good based on the results of the Smart-Accurate Quiz FDA in Palu for elementary school level in 2017. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Observation of knowledge of elementary students using questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability had been carried out. The pretest and posttest were conducted before and after education. The comparison of pretest and posttest data in each elementary school was analyzed using paired T test whereas for all elementary school data analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with hypotheses. There was an influence of anti-drug abuse education through quartet card media on anti-drug abuse knowledge in fifth grade students in Palu City. The results showed that there was an influence of education on anti-drug abuse knowledge in fifth grade students from elementary school representatives “good and quite good ranking” with p values of 0.005 and p ≤ 0.001, while in elementary schools representatives “not good ranking”, the education did not influence their knowledge with a p value of 0.149. Analysis of the Wilcoxon test in all elementary schools showed a p value p ≤ 0,001, which meant that education had an influence on the knowledge of fifth grade students in elementary schools in Palu City

ANTIBACTERIAL INTERACTION OF COMBINATION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE VAR RUBRUM RHIZOME, BOESENBERGIA PANDURATA RHIZOME, AND STEVIA REBAUDIANA LEAVES WITH CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST INFECTIOUS MOUTH MICROBIAL

Objectives: The present study was performed to show the in vitro activities of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale var rubrum rhizome, Boesenbergiapandurata rhizome, and Stevia rebaudiana leaves in combination with amoxicillin, vancomycin, or ketoconazole against infectious mouth microbial.Methods: The antibacterial activities were calculated based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using microdilution method and minimumbactericidal concentration, and the antifungal activity were calculated using minimum fungicidal concentration using agar diffusion method. Theextract-antibiotic interaction was performed using checkerboard method.Results: Among the three extracts studied, B. pandurata rhizome extract had the best antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and S. mutans withMIC value at 128 µg/mL and 64 µg/mL, respectively while Z. officinale rhizome extracts had the best antifungal activity against C. albicans with MICvalue at 2048 µg/mL. The antimicrobial interaction between vancomycin with S. rebaudiana against S. aureus and S. mutans showed a synergisticeffect. Synergism also observed in the combination of amoxicillin with B. pandurata or S. rebaudiana against S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively.The combination of ketoconazole with each of all plant extracts studied against C. albicans showed the synergistic effect. The additive interactionwas observed between amoxicillin with B. pandurata or S. rebaudiana against S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively. There was no antagonism beingobserved in this study.Conclusion: There is a synergistic interaction between plant extract and the antibiotic against S. aureus, S. mutans, and C. albicans, therefore, thecombinations may be useful for infectious mouth microbial treatment.Keywords: Antimicrobial, Interaction, Zingiber officinale var rubrum, Stevia rebaudiana, Boesenbergia pandurata, Ketoconazole, Amoxicllin,Vancomycin, Minimum inhibition concentration, Microdilution, Synergistic, Additive

In Vitro Determination of Sun Protection Factor of Water Extract of Aerodramus fuciphagus from Central Kalimantan

Sunscreen is a cosmetic substance that has the ability to reflect or absorb sunlight actively. It can prevent skin irritation due to UV rays. One of the natural ingredients with a sunscreen effect is the Edible-nest swiftlet's (Aerodramus fuciphagus) nest (ESN). This study aimed to determine the value of the sun protective factor (SPF) of the ESN water extract. The ESN water extract solution with variation concentration, this is 2000, 2500, 5000, 6000, and 7000 ppm, were measured by spectrophotometric UV-Vis at wavelength 290-375 nm with 5 nm intervals to determine the value of SPF, percentage of erythema transmission (%Te), and percentage of pigmentation transmission (%Tp) of ESN water extract. The result showed that the ESN water extract's SPF values at the concentration 2000, 2500, 5000, 6000, and 7000 ppm were 7.80; 9.68; 18.75; 20.58; and 22.24. The value of %Te of each concentration were 15.60±0.19; 10.03±0.42; 1.24±0.04; 0.81±0.01 and 0.56±0.01. While the value of %Tp of each concentration was showed the sunblock category. In conclusion, the ESN water extract from Central Kalimantan at the concentration of 6000 ppm has potential in ultraviolet protection against the skin in the ultra category with sunblock category mechanism. Further, it can be developed into sunscreen cosmetics from natural ingredients

MALLOW APPS: Aplikasi Berbasis Android untuk Pencegahan dan Monitoring Gangguan Depresi

Depression is often defined as a mental condition characterized by severe despondency and dejection, typically also with feelings of inadequacy and guilt, often accompanied by a lack of energy and disturbance of appetite and sleep. Its mortality rate is 800 thousand deaths worldwide. This project aims to make a gamified Android-based application to prevent and treat depression titled Mallow apps. The stages of this project were planning, designing, prototyping, usability testing and satisfaction, and publishing. Figma was the primary tool used for designing and prototyping. The prototype’s functionality was measured by success rate and ease of use. User satisfaction was measured by using a SERVQUAL-based questionnaire. Mallow has several features: medication and appointment reminders, drug information, depression self-test, education specifying depression, and a mood board, a collage art therapy. The functionality test showed a success rate of 88.9% and an easiness rating of 4.4 on a scale of one to five in the latest Mallow version. The satisfaction evaluation showed an expectation score of 4.63 and a perception score of 4.42 on a scale from 1 to 5. It is possible to use Mallow Apps for widespread

PERKEMBANGAN TERAPI AKUPUNKTUR "GI" DI UPT LAYANAN KESEHATAN BUMI MEDIKA GANESA ITB

Akupunktur “GI” merupakan salah satu teknik akupunktur yang dikembangkan berdasarkan teknik akupunktur klasik dan didasarkan pada penggabungan metode pengobatan tradisional Timur dan ilmu kedokteran Barat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui profil pasien akupunktur GI di UPT Layanan Kesehatan Bumi Medika Ganesa ITB. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu studi deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik accidental sampling, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 85 responden. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dari bulan Januari sampai dengan Maret 2018. Data diperoleh melalui metode wawancara, pengisian kuesioner dan data pasien atau rekam medis yang ada di UPT Layanan Kesehatan Bumi Medika Ganesa ITB dari tahun 2004 sampai tahun 2017. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, jumlah pasien akupunktur di UPT Layanan Kesehatan Bumi Medika Ganesa ITB mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya. Pada tahun 2004 hanya 53 pasien, pada tahun 2017 naik menjadi 1694 pasien. Responden yang datang untuk menjalani terapi akupunktur memiliki usia, jenis kelamin, latar belakang pekerjaan dan keluhan atau penyakit yang bervariasi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terapi akupunktur GI di UPT Layanan Kesehatan Bumi Medika Ganesa ITB terus berkembang serta dapat diterima dan dirasakan oleh semua lapisan masyarakat

PROFILE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND USAGE PATTERN IN ICU OF PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA

Objective: To evaluate the resistance and usage patterns of antibiotics in the ICU of the private hospital in Bandung Indonesia.Methods: A cross sectional retrospective study in the period from July to December 2012 at a private hospital in Bandung Indonesia which conducted microbial identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing using Kirby Bauer method.Results: There were 132 patients were cultured positive which sputum was the most common specimen (86.36%, n=114). Pneumonia was the most frequent diagnosis (34.3%). Thirteen bacteria obtained were Escherichia coli (31.58%) as the highest isolates, followed by Pseudomonas Spp. (20.18%) and Acinetobacter baumanii (10.53%). Beta lactam group was found as the most frequent antibiotic use especially meropenem. The highest rate of microbial resistance was to Ampicillin including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Stenotrophomonas Sp., Enterobacter Spp., Serratia Sp. Those isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillinandA. baumannii isolate were 83.3% resistant to Ampicillin.Conclusion: The resistance rate and the usage of high beta-lactam antibiotics in the ICU required good management in making programs for infection control, surveillance of resistant bacteria, monitoring the use of antibiotics in hospitals, making a sustainable new guidelines for the usage of antibiotics and prophylaxis, and monitoring the usage of antibiotics in hospitals.Â