Yield and disease control in winter wheat in southern Sweden during 1977-2005

Fungicides are routinely used to prevent yield losses in winter wheat in southern Sweden. Yield and 1000 grain weight (TGW) data from 432 trials in farmers’ fields were evaluated to review long-term yields (1977-2005) and control of eyespot and Leaf Blotch Diseases (LBDs, including Septoria tritici blotch, Stagonospora nodorum blotch and tan spot), powdery mildew, brown rust and yellow rust. Regression analyses revealed that control of LBDs explained 74% of the yield increase achieved by fungicide treatment at GS 45-61, followed by powdery mildew (20%), brown rust (5%) and yellow rust (1%). Yield of both untreated and fungicide-treated plots increased from approx. 6000 to 12000 kg/ha over the period 1983-2005. Single eyespot treatment improved yield by ~320 kg/ha/yr during the period 1977-2002, mainly due to occasional years with severe eyespot. Single leaf disease treatment at GS 45-61 increased mean yield by 10.3% or 810 kg/ha/yr (9.9% or 660 kg/ha/yr for 1983-1994 and 10.7% or 970 kg/ha/yr for 1995-2005) due to increased TGW and grain numbers, especially in high yielding stands. Additional extra early treatment at GS 30-40 against LBDs increased yield by ~250 kg/ha/yr. Estimated variance in yield and TGW was higher between years than within years, while that in yield increase and plant diseases was lower between years than within. The results confirm potential and limits of fungicides and the need for supervised control strategies including factors affecting disease, yield and interactions

Evaluation of Nordic heritage varieties and NILs for resistance to common bunt (Tilletia caries syn. T.tritici)

A number og wheat varieties from NordGen and Allkorn were tested fro susceptibility to common bunt. Most were susceptible to common bunt which is in line with other screening experiments of randomly selected varieties. However, a few lines not previously known to be resistant were shown to have different resistance genes. None of them however were resistant to all the virulence races tested. NILs developed by MacKey were evaluated and there seem to be a potential for using some of them as differential lines for resistance gene Bt1, Bt5, and Bt9. Purification based on resistant head rows may also develop NILs with resistance to Bt6 and Bt10 and possible also Bt7 from NGB16160. A crossing program of the remaining Bt-genes was started in 2016. The NILs may be used also to support development of genetic markers of the resistance genes

Palvelulogiikka ihmiskeskeisen strategian laadinnassa : Pienen muotoilutoimiston haasteet

Opinnäytetyössä tarkasteltiin, miten pieni muotoilutoimisto voisi kehittää asiakkaidensa palvelutoimintaa niin, että palvelujen käyttäjät huomioitaisiin aikaisempaa kokonaisvaltaisemmin. Tavoitteena oli löytää tehokkaita menetelmiä ja työkaluja käyttäjätiedon hankkimiseen sekä sen hyödyntämiseen asiakasorganisaation uuden palvelustrategian laadinnassa. Työssä ennakoitiin teollisen muotoilijan tulevaisuuden työnkuvaa, kartoitettiin aiheeseen liittyviä teoreettisia perusteita ja muodostettiin toimeksiantajan kolmelle vakinaiselle työntekijälle suunnatun kyselytutkimuksen avulla kokonaiskuvaa yhdestä muotoiluyrityksestä. Tutkimusten avulla nimettiin muotoilijan työtä lähitulevaisuudessa helpottavia teknologisia ratkaisuja sekä työskentelyn haastavuutta lisääviä yhteiskunnallisia vaikuttimia. Lisäksi tunnistettiin muotoilutoimiston nykyisin käyttämiä suunnittelumenetelmiä ja toimintamalleja. Löydöksiin perustuen työssä ehdotettiin niin menetelmällisiä kuin toiminnallisiakin uudistuksia toimeksiantajan työskentelyn vaikuttavuuden lisäämiseksi. Esityksen sisältö voi hyödyttää myös muita samojen ongelmien parissa kamppailevia muotoiluyrityksiä.In this final project with thesis one examined how a small design office could develop the service functions of their customers in such a way that the users of a service would be considered in a more holistic manner. The goal was to find effective methods and tools for acquiring user knowledge and utilizing this information in the formulation of a new service strategy. The work consisted of a forecast for the future tasks of an industrial designer, mapping of theoretical frameworks and depicting a holistic view of a design company via survey aimed at the regular personnel of the mandator. With this study both new technological solutions facilitating a designer in the near future and societal motives making work more challenging were identified. Furthermore, the current methods and processes of a design office were recognized. Based on the findings both methodological and procedural proposals were made to increase the effectiveness of the mandator. The contents of the proposal might bear some relevance to other design companies tackling similar problems

VLBI and total flux density investigations of the structure of active galactic nuclei

This doctoral thesis studies the structure of active galactic nuclei (AGN) using very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) at high radio frequencies (22 - 86 GHz). The VLBI observations are complemented using information from total flux density (TFD) observations at the corresponding frequencies and the TFD variations are compared to the structure changes seen in the VLBI images. The basis of this work is the data from the three epoch VLBI monitoring project, which produced 45 images and parameters of 15 extragalactic sources at 22 GHz. The maximum intrinsic brightness temperature for synchrotron sources is assumed to be limited by the inverse Compton catastrophe to ≅ 1012 K. We have presented two new methods to estimate this limit using total flux density observations, synchrotron-Self-Compton X-ray fluxes and shock parameters from VLBI observations. Using several data sets, we find that both methods yield a value of ≤ 1011 K, which is consistent with the equipartition limit of 1010 - 1011 K. We have developed a new method for estimating the geometry of the Universe using the linear sizes of shocks in AGN jets. The angular sizes of the shocks from VLBI observations are normalized using intrinsic diameter estimates from TFD observations. Using a very small set of test data, we verify that the accuracy of the derived values compare favourably with traditional methods using much larger samples. A clear connection between radio and gamma-ray flares and VLBI component ejections was found. Furthermore, it was shown that the origin of the gamma-ray flares is in the shocks and that they can not be produced close to the core of the AGN. A helical structure was found in the jet of CTA 102, a High Polarised Quasar (HPQ). The apparent proper motions in the jet varied from 4.2 to 13.8 times the speed of the light. This work combined the work of several years of observation, covering wavelengths from 1.3 to 12 mm and angular resolutions from 50 to 500 microarcseconds. The first 2mm VLBI experiment between Pico Veleta and Metsähovi was performed and correlation fringes were detected on a baseline of 1.55 billion wavelengths. The success of this experiment shows that VLBI observations are possible at very high frequencies leading to very high resolution and enabling to produce images of the fine structure of the cores of the AGN.reviewe

Klimat, väderlek och växtskydd

Växtpatogena svampar orsakar stora skördeförluster årligen på våra grödor, både kvantitativa och kvalitativa. Normalt är konsumenten förskonad från dåliga kvalitéer i butiken eftersom omfattande åtgärder sätts in både före, under och efter odlingen