OPTIMIZING LAST MILE DELIVERY OF DISASTER RELIEF SUPPLIES FOR OAHU, HAWAII

The state of Hawaii and island of Oahu are vulnerable to supply chain disruptions, such that any major disaster will require emergency food distribution to local populations. However, organizations across federal, state, and local government have proposed different distribution concepts that rely on different points of distribution (PODs), where no concept on their own may be sufficient to feed Oahu communities. In this work, we develop a data set and series of models to test these concepts for populations on Windward Oahu. We develop two models that select optimal POD locations for either a pickup concept, where populations drive to receive food, or a delivery concept, where food is brought to communities. We further study hybrid concepts that prefer either pickup or delivery. Our results show that ideal plans for Windward Oahu will prefer delivery PODs and utilize 17 hybrid PODs that serve both pickup and delivery purposes. Moreover, we identify four POD locations that would be used no matter which distribution concept is implemented. We recommend developing a hybrid distribution concept centered on delivery that can be tested and implemented at these four locations.Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, 4800 Mark Center Drive, Suite 16F16, Alexandria, VA 22350-3605Civilian, Department of the NavyApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

Index of Biblical References

This is the index of biblical references for the fifth and final volume of The Bridge: A Yearbook of Judaeo-Christian Studies. It was prepared by Donald Wigal

Long-term follow-up of patients treated with the edgewise crowned Herbst appliance in the mixed dentition

Objectives. Research has indicated that the bite jumping technique employed by the crowned Herbst appliance can be effective in correcting Class II skeletal abnormalities by promoting growth of the mandible and remodeling of the glenoid fossa. This research investigated the skeletal and dental alterations of Class II patients treated at an early age with the edgewise crowned Herbst appliance and evaluated the long term stability of those effects. Methods. Cephalometric analysis was performed for a treatment group consisting of 22 radiographs taken before phase I treatment (T1), immediately after Herbst removal during phase I treatment (T2), at the completion of phase I treatment (T3), prior to beginning of phase II orthodontic treatment (T4), and immediately following phase II orthodontic treatment (T5). Measurements were compared to a matched control sample of untreated Class II patients from the Bolton-Brush study. The difference in each variable between the treatment and control groups across the five time periods was analyzed for pooled subjects, and separately for male and female subjects. The differences between certain time points were analyzed to investigate treatment changes and their stability over time. For all time periods, the change in the values of the variables for pooled subjects, male subjects, and female subjects in the treatment group were compared to the change in the values of the variables for pooled subjects, male subjects, and female subjects in the control group, respectively. In total, 37 variables were evaluated for each group including sagittal variables, vertical variables, angular variables, and condyle/glenoid fossa variables. In addition, an evaluation of the overjet correction and molar relationship correction for the treatment groups and an evaluation of the net overjet correction and net molar relationship correction for the treatment vs. control groups at each time period for pooled subjects were performed. Results. Treatment of Class II patients treated with the crowned Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition resulted in the following changes relative to normal growth: The forward movement of the maxillary base (OLp-A pt) was initially restrained after treatment (T2-T1) and gradually became more restrained in the short-term (T3-T1) and long-term (T4-T1) post-treatment periods. An even greater restraint was seen after phase II orthodontics (T5-T1). The mandibular base (OLp-Pg) was initially moved forward after treatment (T2-T1), however, a gradual relapse was seen in the short-term (T3-T1) and long-term (T4-T1) post-treatment periods. Additional relapse in a posterior direction was seen after phase II orthodontics (T5-T1). The maxillary molars (Ms-OLp) were initially distalized (T2-T1), relapsed slightly in the short-term post-retention period (T3-T1), and became distalized again in the long-term post-treatment period (T4-T1). The maxillary molars were mesialized during phase II orthodontic treatment (T5-T4) and most of the overall posterior molar movement was eliminated after this period (T5-T1). The mandibular molars (Mi-OLp) were initially mesialized after treatment (T2-T1), however gradual relapse occurred during the short-term post-treatment period (T3-T1) until they returned to their pre-treatment position after the long-term post-treatment period (T4-T1). They were mesialized again after phase II orthodontic treatment (T5-T1). The maxillary incisors (Is-OLp) moved backward and retroclined after treatment (T2-T1), then relapsed slightly during the short-term (T3-T1) and long-term (T4-T1) post-treatment period. A net posterior movement was maintained through the long-term post-treatment period (T4-T1). This posterior position of the maxillary incisor remained stable through phase II treatment (T5-T1). The mandibular incisors (Ii-OLp) moved forward and proclined after treatment (T2-T1), then relapsed to their pre-treatment position after the short-term post-treatment period (T3-T1). Forward movement and proclination occurred during the long-term retention period (T4-T3), giving a net forward movement and proclination after this period (T4-T1). The mandibular incisors returned to their pre-treatment position after phase II orthodontic treatment (T5-T1). A net overjet correction of 7.0 mm occurred after treatment (T2-T1), then relapsed in the short-term post-treatment period (T3-T1) until a relatively stable net overjet correction between 2.5-3.0mm was maintained over the long-term (T4-T1). The overjet correction remained stable through phase II treatment (T5-T1). A molar relationship correction of 6.6 mm occurred after treatment (T2-T1), then relapsed in the short-term post-treatment period (T3-T1) until a relatively stable net molar correction between 2.2-3.3mm was maintained over the long-term (T4-T1). The molar correction remained stable through phase II treatment (T5-T1). Relocation of the glenoid fossa occurred in an anterior and superior direction after treatment (T2-T1) and this relative change in position was stable over the long term (T4-T1). Restriction of the downward and backward movement of the fossa was observed and might additionally contribute to Class II correction. Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that early treatment with the edgewise crowned Herbst appliance can achieve overjet correction and molar relationship correction that remains stable over the long-term. However, the skeletal and dental contributions to this overjet and molar correction shift over time with decreasing skeletal contribution and increasing dental compensation. During phase II orthodontic treatment, an increased skeletal contribution to overjet and molar relationship correction occurs

Survival, Reproductive Success, and Spread of Introduced Rio Grande Turkeys in Northeast Iowa

Thirty-nine Rio Grande wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) from Texas were introduced in the Yellow River State Forest, Allamakee County, Iowa, in the winter of 1960-61. The population was studied in three northeastern Iowa counties from June, 1966, through September, 1967; concentrated field studies were centered in and near the Paint Creek Unit of the forest. Adult turkeys appeared to tolerate the northeastern Iowa climate well, but poults may not be so tolerant. Although reproduction has occurred each year since the introduction, poult survival seemingly has been sporadic, possibly because of differences in weather conditions during the rearing seasons. Records indicate production was favorable for 1961, 1965, and 1967 compared with 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1966 when it seemed to be less so. The turkey population appeared to be rather stable by the end of the study but probably never has exceeded 100. Nevertheless, each year there has been a progressive extension of the turkeys\u27 known range. Sighting records have shown that the main inhabited turkey range was composed of 71 square miles in 1961, 100 in 1962, 108 in 1963, 139 in 1964, 149 in 1965, 316 in 1966, and 343 in 1966-67. Verified sightings have been made across the Mississippi River in Wisconsin and up to 41 miles from the release area in Iowa