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In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit werden nachstehende Fragen zu Gottfrieds Tristan und Wolframs Parzival thematisiert: Trauer und Sorge an Wendepunkten des Lebens der Helden. Problematik der Verborgenheit und Dechiffrierung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Tristanliebe. Identität als Frage von Herkunft und Lebensweg. Problematik des Erkennens und Verkennens unter dem Aspekt der Verfeinerung der Kulturauffassung durch Gottfried. Erkennen und Verkennen der Hauptgestalten und ihres Telos von den Wahrnehmungsstandpunkten der Figuren, des Autors und des Publikums. Problematik von Lernprozessen. Problematik von Erkennen und Verkennen im Zusammenhang mit Recht, Unrecht, Schuld und Schuldeinsicht. Meine Arbeit wurde im Frühjahr und Sommer 2009 in Wien verfaßt. Sie nimmt vom Ausgangspunkt von Motiven des Weinens im Tristan und im Parzivâl die Thematik des Sorgens und Trauerns auf. Von dort richtet sie ihren Fokus schließlich auf die damit verbundenen Vorgänge des Erkennens beziehungsweise des Verkennens. Sie führt damit in jene Schichten des Tristan, in denen die Substanz von Krise und Bewährung, von Chance und Risiko, von Gewinn und Verlust liegt, eine Substanz, die in jedem großen Werk der Weltliteratur angesiedelt ist. Es ist allgemein menschlich, aus einer solchen Schicht heraus die Welt wahrzunehmen und sie zum eigenen Gewinn zu interpretieren, indem man die Organe der Wahrnehmung schärft. Jedes Werk der Kunst wird damit zu einem Fenster in die wahre und wirkliche Welt. Kunstinterpretation ist deshalb auch Interpretation von Lebensvorgängen und ist zugleich Zugewinn von Wissen und Verständnis. Kunstinterpretation unter einem solchen Aspekt zu üben, war Ziel dieser Arbeit

Nanoparticle detection in an open-access silicon microcavity

We report on the detection of free nanoparticles in a micromachined, open-access Fabry-P\'erot microcavity. With a mirror separation of $130\,\mu$m, a radius of curvature of $1.3\,$mm, and a beam waist of $12\,\mu$m, the mode volume of our symmetric infrared cavity is smaller than $15\,$pL. The small beam waist, together with a finesse exceeding 34,000, enables the detection of nano-scale dielectric particles in high vacuum. This device allows monitoring of the motion of individual $150\,$nm radius silica nanospheres in real time. We observe strong coupling between the particles and the cavity field, a precondition for optomechanical control. We discuss the prospects for optical cooling and detection of dielectric particles smaller than $10\,$nm in radius and $1\times10^7\,$amu in mass.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Fat Fractions of the Rotator Cuff Muscles Acquired With 2-Point Dixon MRI: Predicting Outcome After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to quantify and compare fat fraction (FF) and muscle volume between patients with failed and intact rotator cuff (RC) repair as well as a control group with nonsurgical conservative treatment to define FF cutoff values for predicting the outcome of RC repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with full-thickness RC tears who received magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after RC repair including a 2-point Dixon sequence were retrospectively screened. Patients with retear of 1 or more tendons diagnosed on MRI (Sugaya IV-V) were enrolled and matched to patients with intact RC repair (Sugaya I-II) and to a third group with conservatively treated RC tears. Two radiologists evaluated morphological features (Cofield, Patte, and Goutallier), as well as the integrity of the RC after repair (Sugaya). Fat fractions were calculated from the 2-point Dixon sequence, and the RC muscles were segmented semiautomatically to calculate FFs and volume for each muscle. Receiver operator characteristics curves were used to determine FF cutoff values that best predict RC retears. RESULTS In total, 136 patients were enrolled, consisting of 3 groups: 41 patients had a failed RC repair (58 ± 7 years, 16 women), 50 patients matched into the intact RC repair group, and 45 patients were matched into the conservative treatment group. Receiver operator characteristics curves showed reliable preoperative FF cutoff values for predicting retears at 6.0% for the supraspinatus muscle (0.83 area under the curve [AUC]), 7.4% for the infraspinatus muscle (AUC 0.82), and 8.3% for the subscapularis muscle (0.94 AUC). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative quantitative FF calculated from 2-point Dixon MRI can be used to predict the risk of retear after arthroscopic RC repair with cutoff values between 6% and 8.3%

Surgical knot tightening: how much pull is necessary?

Purpose: High-strength sutures allow tightening of a suture knot beyond the strength of the surgeon, possibly inflicting skin damage through the gloves. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether such effort is useful and how much tensioning on a surgical knot is necessary. Methods: Three different suture materials were tested: No. 2 Vicryl™, FibreWire™, and PDS™. First, the force spontaneously applied on sutures during experimental knot tightening ("tying load”) was measured in fifteen experienced surgeons. Second, with each suture material, surgical square knots were tied with increasing, standardized loads (range 0.5-50N) using a custom-made apparatus. Thereby, knot seating after tying was evaluated, and by loading the knots to failure, evaluation for failure mode and failure load was performed. Results: FibreWire™ 5-throw square knots always failed by complete slipping of all knots (resolving), independent on the tying load. A nonlinear decrease of knot slippage and increased failure load were seen with increasing tying loads for all sutures. Major differences were seen between 0.5 and 10 N for FibreWire™ (slippage: 25mm) and PDS™ (99.6mm), whereas Vicryl™ showed major differences (22.7mm) between 0.5 and 2N. Increasing the tying load from 10 to 50N decreased the mean knot slippage from 12 (FibreWire™, ±2.6 SD), 9 (PDS™, ±1.8 SD) and 8 (Vicryl™, ±1.3 SD) mm to 6 (±2.9 SD), 3 (±1.5 SD) and 4mm (±0.9 SD), respectively. Conclusion: Slippage and self-seating of the knots under load is unavoidable even with highest tying loads. Relatively minor but possibly important differences can be seen for tying loads exceeding 2N (Vicryl™) and 10N (PDS™ and FibreWire™) for failure load and knot slippage. But also with a tying load of 50N, a minimal slippage of approximately 3mm seems unavoidable for all suture types. However, it is important to state that intense tightening does not prevent knot resolution and is only necessary in clinical situations that demand very tight sutures. Numbers and proper appliance of throws are more relevant than tying strength to reach the maximum failure load

Surgical knot tightening: how much pull is necessary?

PURPOSE: High-strength sutures allow tightening of a suture knot beyond the strength of the surgeon, possibly inflicting skin damage through the gloves. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether such effort is useful and how much tensioning on a surgical knot is necessary. METHODS: Three different suture materials were tested: No. 2 Vicryl™, FibreWire™, and PDS™. First, the force spontaneously applied on sutures during experimental knot tightening ("tying load") was measured in fifteen experienced surgeons. Second, with each suture material, surgical square knots were tied with increasing, standardized loads (range 0.5-50 N) using a custom-made apparatus. Thereby, knot seating after tying was evaluated, and by loading the knots to failure, evaluation for failure mode and failure load was performed. RESULTS: FibreWire™ 5-throw square knots always failed by complete slipping of all knots (resolving), independent on the tying load. A nonlinear decrease of knot slippage and increased failure load were seen with increasing tying loads for all sutures. Major differences were seen between 0.5 and 10 N for FibreWire™ (slippage: 25 mm) and PDS™ (99.6 mm), whereas Vicryl™ showed major differences (22.7 mm) between 0.5 and 2 N. Increasing the tying load from 10 to 50 N decreased the mean knot slippage from 12 (FibreWire™, ±2.6 SD), 9 (PDS™, ±1.8 SD) and 8 (Vicryl™, ±1.3 SD) mm to 6 (±2.9 SD), 3 (±1.5 SD) and 4 mm (±0.9 SD), respectively. CONCLUSION: Slippage and self-seating of the knots under load is unavoidable even with highest tying loads. Relatively minor but possibly important differences can be seen for tying loads exceeding 2 N (Vicryl™) and 10 N (PDS™ and FibreWire™) for failure load and knot slippage. But also with a tying load of 50 N, a minimal slippage of approximately 3 mm seems unavoidable for all suture types. However, it is important to state that intense tightening does not prevent knot resolution and is only necessary in clinical situations that demand very tight sutures. Numbers and proper appliance of throws are more relevant than tying strength to reach the maximum failure load

Deltoid muscle shape analysis with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chronic rotator cuff tears

BACKGROUND: It seems appropriate to assume, that for a full and strong global shoulder function a normally innervated and active deltoid muscle is indispensable. We set out to analyse the size and shape of the deltoid muscle on MR-arthrographies, and analyse its influence on shoulder function and its adaption (i.e. atrophy) for reduced shoulder function. METHODS: The fatty infiltration (Goutallier stages), atrophy (tangent sign) and selective myotendinous retraction of the rotator cuff, as well as the thickness and the area of seven anatomically defined segments of the deltoid muscle were measured on MR-arthrographies and correlated with shoulder function (i.e. active abduction). Included were 116 patients, suffering of a rotator cuff tear with shoulder mobility ranging from pseudoparalysis to free mobility. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the distribution of the data before either Spearman or Pearson correlation and a multiple regression was applied to reveal the correlations. RESULTS: Our developed method for measuring deltoid area and thickness showed to be reproducible with excellent interobserver correlations (r = 0.814-0.982).The analysis of influencing factors on active abduction revealed a weak influence of the amount of SSP tendon (r = -0.25; p < 0.01) and muscle retraction (r = -0.27; p < 0.01) as well as the stage of fatty muscle infiltration (GFDI: r = -0.36; p < 0.01). Unexpectedly however, we were unable to detect a relation of the deltoid muscle shape with the degree of active glenohumeral abduction. Furthermore, long-standing rotator cuff tears did not appear to influence the deltoid shape, i.e. did not lead to muscle atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support that in chronic rotator cuff tears, there seems to be no disadvantage to exhausting conservative treatment and to delay implantation of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, as the shape of deltoid muscle seems only to be influenced by natural aging, but to be independent of reduced shoulder motion