Untersuchungen zur Rolle der Cathepsine S und X in Maus- und Zellkulturmodellen für neuronalen Zelltod und Inflammation

Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde die Beteiligung der lysosomalen Cysteinpeptidasen Cathepsin X und S in inflammatorischen Prozessen, die zu neuronalem Zelltod beitragen, untersucht. Für Cathepsin X konnte eine Expression in allen Zelltypen des gesunden Zentralnervensystems der Maus nachgewiesen werden, während Cathepsin S hauptsächlich in Mikrogliazellen exprimiert wird. Beide Cysteinpeptidasen waren deutlich hochreguliert in Mausmodellen für Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose, Morbus Alzheimer und altersbedingte Inflammationsreaktionen. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass aktivierte Mikrogliazellen in vitro beide Cathepsine freisetzen. Die Kulturüberstände dieser Zellen waren toxisch für Neurone. Durch den Einsatz verschiedener Cathepsin-Inhibitoren konnte ein Teil der involvierten Reaktionskaskaden aufgedeckt werden. Die Inhibition der Cysteinpeptidasen verhinderte die Hochregulation der Kernfaktor kappa B-gesteuerten Genexpression, von der jede Entzündungsreaktion begleitet wird

On the Effectiveness of Highlighting Ads in Telephone Directories by Color

Ads in simulated telephone directory pages were highlighted in red, green and blue colors, and presented to readers in order to be recalled and to be recognized among other ads. Stimulus material included both pages with one highlighted ad on the page and with five ads on the same page. Results indicate that red and green highlighting increase the recallability and recognizability whereas highlighting in blue decreases it. With more than one ad on a page to be recalled and recognized, the success of highlighting depends also on the position of the ad on the page. If there are more highlighted ads on the page, it is advisable to highlight it in a different color or not at all

Differential expression of Cathepsin S and X in the spinal cord of a rat neuropathic pain model-1

Le spinal cord sections (A, B), in the dorsal horn (DH) (C-F), the layer IX of the ventral horn (VH) and the fasciculus gracilis (FG). In the FG immunopositive cells exhibit macrophage-like morphology (K, M) and in the VH small immunopositive cells engulf motoneurons (G, I). At this time point the ipsilateral nucleus gracilis exhibits more intense CATS- (L) and CATX-staining (N) than the contralateral side. Scale bars, 500 μm (A, B, L, N), 20 μm (C-J), 10 μm (K, M).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Differential expression of Cathepsin S and X in the spinal cord of a rat neuropathic pain model"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/9/80</p><p>BMC Neuroscience 2008;9():80-80.</p><p>Published online 12 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527007.</p><p></p

Differential expression of Cathepsin S and X in the spinal cord of a rat neuropathic pain model-0

L5 segment. CATS-immunopositive deposits are localized in small glial-like cells (C, E, F) that distributed homogenously throughout the section (A), while CATX is mostly found in large neurons (D, H) and only few small cells are intensely stained (D, J). G, I: Sections incubated with preabsorbed primary antibodies are free of immunostaining. Scale bars, 500 μm (A, B), 50 μm (C, D), 20 μm (E-J).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Differential expression of Cathepsin S and X in the spinal cord of a rat neuropathic pain model"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/9/80</p><p>BMC Neuroscience 2008;9():80-80.</p><p>Published online 12 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527007.</p><p></p

Differential expression of Cathepsin S and X in the spinal cord of a rat neuropathic pain model-2

Fferent expression patterns in the transverse plane are symbolized by different fillings of the bars. Both cathepsins exhibited the same spatial and temporal distribution pattern up to 35 d after transection.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Differential expression of Cathepsin S and X in the spinal cord of a rat neuropathic pain model"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/9/80</p><p>BMC Neuroscience 2008;9():80-80.</p><p>Published online 12 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527007.</p><p></p

Differential expression of Cathepsin S and X in the spinal cord of a rat neuropathic pain model-3

Sham operated animals (n = 5) at 8 d after injury. Expression levels were normalized relative to the corresponding α-tubulin band. At this time point the L5 transection induced an upregulation of both proteins in all SC segments. The expression level of CATX was substantially higher than that of CATS. Data are means ± SD. CATX activities in the lumbar SC 8 d after transection in L5T, sham (n = 7, for each group) and naive animals (n = 4). Each symbol represents the value of a single animal, the bar indicates the mean for the group. CATX activity was significantly higher in L5T than in sham or naive SC. *** p ≤ 0.001. L, lumbar; C, cervical; T, thoracic.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Differential expression of Cathepsin S and X in the spinal cord of a rat neuropathic pain model"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/9/80</p><p>BMC Neuroscience 2008;9():80-80.</p><p>Published online 12 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527007.</p><p></p