Techno Economy Analysis a Small Scale Reverse Osmosis System for Brackish Water Desalination

This study aims to get the design process and the economics of small-scale desalination of brackish water in Indonesia which has interest in the range of 12-14%, electricity cost of $0.09-0.13/kWh, and groundwater tax regulation. The use of BWRO desalination system in Indonesia has been generally done at small scale. This study based on Bali island with electricity cost at$0.1/kWh and water tax at $0.37/m3. Techo economy evaluation was analysed for plant capacity of 150-1,00 m3/day, recovery of 40$1.31/m3. It can be concluded that economic evaluation based on NPV and IRR shows that it is worthed

Penyisihan Amoniak Dan Kekeruhan Pada Sistem Resirkulasi Budidaya Kepiting Dengan Teknologi Membran Biofilter

Crabs are one of the economically valuable commodities. Barriers that often occur in crab farming in ponds is limited land and water. Crab aquaculture activities can not be apart from the waste generated, which can cause water quality degradation, especially of food remains, feases and the metabolism of the crabs. Waste produced as ammonia is toxic at high concentrations and high turbidity can cause death in the crabs. Alternative technologies are used to decrease the production of crabs due to lack of availability of land and water degradation are water recirculation system using a membrane biofilter. Membrane biofilter is used to maintain the water quality is to eliminate ammonia to levels not exceeding 0.1 ppm, and removing turbidity to <30 NTU. Biofilter is used to eliminate ammonia by nitrification and denitrification process using aerobic and anaerobic mikrroorganisme. Membranes which is used to reduce turbidity is ultrafiltration membranes. Flux on the membrane will determine the performance of the membrane. If the flux decreased 85% from the initial flux, indicating the occurrence of fouling on membrane. This fouling can be overcome by washing. One of it is the backwash. Using biofilter can reduce of ammonia from 4,41 mg/L up to 1,48 mg/L during 7 days. Turbidity can be reduced by using ultrafiltration membrane. In the Ultrafiltration membrane fouling control can be done by backwash 30 minutes 15 seconds. This is indicated by the high flux of the membrane

Study on Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater by Electro-coagulation Technique

Electro-coagulation (EC) is well known as a technique for removing suspended solids as well as oils and greases from wastewater. The aims of this research are to study the performance of the EC technique to treat a high strength wastewater from slaughterhouse in batchwise mode. The effect of various process variables such as number and electrode material, initial pH, suspended solid (SS) content, and operating time was investigated The electrolytic cell (electro-coagulator) used was a 600 ml cylinder glass reactor with working volume 400 ml and equipped by magnetic stirrer without temperature control. Cast iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) cylinder were used as anode/cathode pair. The number of electrode was varied 1 and 2 pairs. The effective area of the electrode pair was 6.28 cm2. The DC power supply was controlled by a voltmeter and be adjusted constant at 125 A/m2 for each test runs. The initial SS concentration were varied from 1250, 2100, 3000, and 4000 mg/L by diluting wastewater. It is found that effluent temperature depends on SS and increases up to 98 °C when SS content was 4000 mg/L. One and two pairs of Fe-Al electrode will give SS removal efficiency are 97.2 and 99.6 %, respectively. However, the higher electrode number will need the shorter time to get certain removal efficiency of SS. Number of electrodes didn\u27t give the significant impact to the final pHs. With initial pH 7.05 both two pair of electrode will give the final pH relatively constant to 7.80. Further work will be conducted to optimize the CD and charge loading to avoid the excessive temperature increas

Bwro Desalination for Potable Water Supply Enhancement in Coastal Regions

Most of coastal regions in Indonesia have experienced water scarcity where water resources are becoming more and more threatened due to the rapid growth of population, aquaculture industries and agricultures. Brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination may be used to overcome the supply potable water problem in the coastal regions. Brackish water having total dissolved solids (TDS) content in the range of 1,000–10,000 ppm can be desalinated at a reasonable cost. This work was aimed to find valuable technical data for plant design and operation. Cost analysis also was conducted to obtain specific water cost. The results show that stable system performance was achieved. Based on a case study of small scale BWRO with capacity of 50 m3/day, specific water cost was around of IDR 6,100/ m3

Increasing Biogas Production Rate From Cattle Manure Using Rumen Fluid as Inoculums

In this study, rumen fluid of animal ruminant was used as inoculums to increase biogas production rate from cattle manure at mesophilic condition. A series of laboratory experiments using 400 ml biodigester were performed in batch operation mode. Given 100 grams of fresh cattle manure (M) was fed to each biodigester and mixed with rumen fluid (R) and tap water (W) in several ratio resulting six different M:W:R ratio contents i.e. 1:1:0; 1:0.75:0.25; 1:0.5:0.5; 1:0.25:0.75; and 1:0:1 (correspond to 0; 12.5; 25, 37.5; 50, and 100 % rumen, respectively) and six different total solid (TS) contents i.e. 2.6, 4.6, 6.2, 7.4, 9.2, 12.3, and 18.4 %. The operating temperatures were at room temperature. The results showed that the rumen fluid inoculated to biodigester significantly effected the biogas production. Rumen fluid inoculums caused biogas production rate and efficiency increase more than two times in compare to manure substrate without rumen fluid inoculums. The best performance for biogas production was the digester with rumen fluid and TS content in the range of 25-50 % and 7.4 and 9.2 %, respectively. These results suggest that, based on TS content effects to biogas yield, rumen fluid inoculums exhibit the similar effect with other inoculums. Increasing rumen content will also increase biogas production. Due to the optimum total solid (TS) content for biogas production between 7-9 % (or correspond to more and less manure and total liquid 1:1), the rumen fluid content of 50 % will give the best performance for biogas production. The future work will be carried out to study the dynamics of biogas production if both the rumen fluid inoculums and manure are fed in the continuous system Doi: 10.12777/ijse.6.1.31-38 [How to cite this article: Budiyono, Widiasa, I.N., Johari, S. and Sunarso. (2014). Increasing Biogas Production Rate from Cattle Manure Using Rumen Fluid as Inoculums. International Journal of Science and Engineering, 6(1),31-38. Doi: 10.12777/ijse.6.1.31-38

CO2 Removal From Biogas Using Carbon Nanotubes Mixed Matrix Membranes

A new type of mixed matrix membrane consisting of polyethersulfone (PES) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is prepared for biogas purification application. PES mixed matrix membrane with and without modification of carbon nanotubes were prepared by a dry/wet phase inversion technique using a pneumatically membrane casting machine system. The modified carbon nanotubes were prepared by treating the carbon nanotubes with chemical modification using acid treatment to allow PES chains to be grafted on carbon nanotubes surface. The results from the FESEM, DSC and FTIR analysis confirmed that chemical modification on carbon nanotubes surface had taken place. Meanwhile, the nanogaps in the interface of polymer and carbon nanotubes were appeared in the PES mixed matrix membrane with unmodified of carbon nanotubes. The modified carbon nanotubes mixed matrix membrane increases the mechanical properties and the permeability of all gases. For PES-modified carbon nanotubes mixed matrix membrane the maximum selectivity achieved for CO2/CH4 is 23.5

The Influence of Total Solid Contents on Biogas Yield from Cattle Manure Using Fluid Rumen Inoculum

Problem statement: Anaerobic digestion was a biological method used to convert organic wastes into biogas and a stable product for land application without adverse environmental effects. The biogas produced could be used as an alternative renewable energy source. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of total solid contents on biogas yield from cattle manure using fluid rumen inoculums. Approach: A series of laboratory experiments using 400 mL biodigester were performed in batch operation mode. Given 100 g of fresh cattle manure was fed to each biodigester and mixed with fixed 50 mL of rumen fluid and different volumes of tap water resulting six different Total Solid (TS) contents i.e., 2.6, 4.6, 6.2, 7.4, 9.2, 12.3 and 18.4%. Results: The results showed that the best performance for biogas production was the digester with 7.4 and 9.2% of total solid i.e., gave biogas yield 184.09 and 186.28 mL gVS1, respectively after 90 days observation. While the other TSs content of 2.6, 4.6, 6.2, 12.3 and 18.4% gave the biogas yield 115.78, 122.33, 172.34, 137.99 and 54.87 mL gVS1, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggested that, based on TS content effects to biogas yield, rumen fluid inoculum exhibit the similar effect with other inoculums. In all cases, there was no variation of pH, fat, protein and ash content in sludge after digestion at several variation of pH. During digesting, pH tends to increase to neutral pH i.e., optimum pH for methanogenic bacteria. The effect of rumen fluid concentration to biogas production will need to be studied in the next step research

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI REVERSE OSMOSIS UNTUK PEMURNIAN AIR SKALA RUMAH TANGGA

Initially, commercially available reverse osmosis (RO) systems were intended to use on ships for producing freshwater during long voyages. After the time, many developments have been conducted especially in membraneelement and system configuration. Such developments allow RO systems to be applied for home use with normalplumbing in households. A basic reverse osmosis system consists of a pressurized source of water, a membranesystem, and hoses of pipes that carry off and separate clean water and drain water. There are four types ofhousehold RO system, i.e.: undersink, whole house, multi family, farm and ranch. If a water quality problem isdue to several different contaminants, RO may be the most cost-effective method for their removal