The Role and Deficiency of Zinc Mineral in Immune System

Zinc (Zn) is a micro mineral which is needed by every cell in the body. Adequate Zn mineral is important in maintaining optimal health. Zn functions as a cofactor of various enzymes, structural integrity of cells, DNA synthesis, hormonal storage and release,  immunotransmision  and  immune  system.  Zn  deficiency causes  decreased  appetite,  dermatitis,  growth  retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infertility and imunodeficiency. This is associated with changes in the function of immune system response, such as decreased B and T cell functions, reduced phagocytosis and decreased cytokine production. Severe Zn deficiency is characterized by severely depressed immune function and frequent infections. Zn enhances immune function for specific and non-specific immunity. The role of non-specific immune respone is through the activity of cells phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes, while the specific immune response can be humoral and cellular mediated by lymphocytes B and T. Supplementation of Zn can improve the activity of leukocyte cells through stimulating the production of tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) by monocytes cells, thereby increasing the ability of phagocytosis. In addition, Zn is also able to increase the production of lymphokines that cause lymphocyte cells able to differentiate and proliferate.   Key words: Zn, deficiency, immunity, leucocyte cell

Suspect cushing’s syndrome pada kucing

Cushing’s syndrome yaitu sindrom klinis yang disebabkan kelebihan sekresi kortisol oleh kelenjar adrenal. Keluhan pemilik hewan kucing adalah adanya kebotakan dibagian perut kanan dan kiri, sering minum, dan sering urinasi. Temuan klinis adalah pembesaran abdomen seperti ‘pot-bellied’, polidipsia, poliuria dan alopecia bilateral pada bagian abdomen. Diagnosa penunjang melalui pemeriksaan ultrasonografi.  Diagnosa banding adalah hipotiroid, pankreatitis dan dermatophytosis. Prognosa fausta sampai dubius. Terapi yang diberikan adalah pemberian mitotane dan ketoconazol

THE EFFECTS OF AGE ON BIOCHEMISTRY PROFILES OF ACEH CATTLE BLOOD

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of age on the biochemistry profiles of aceh cattle, which  included examinations of: total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) . Sixteen clinically healthy aceh cattle aged 2-4 years old, and 16 aceh cattle aged 4-6 years old were purposively selected for the study. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein and subjected to blood biochemistry measurements using commercial kits. The results showed that serum concentrations of TP, globulin, AST and Ca of aceh cattle were significantly (P0.05) higher in age group 4-6 years old, while ALP activity was significantly (P0.05) higher in age group 2-4 years old. In conclusion, age must be considered as a factor when interpreting the blood biochemistry profiles of aceh cattle

Diare pada sapi neonatus yang ditantang Escherichia coli K-99

The objective of this experiment was to study the efficacy- of colostrum given to neonatal calves challenged by Escherichia coli (E. col!) K-99. Ten healthy calves devided into two groups i.e. colostrum group (given colostrum originated from cows vaccinated by E. coli) and non-colostrum group (given whole cow milk). Colostrum or milk were given to the calves at amounts of 10% of body weight directly after birth and Followed by the same amount every 12 h, for three days. Challenged were done orally to all newborn calves when they were 12 hours of ages, using live bacteria of E. coli K-99. Fecal samples were collected every 12 hours for one week. Results of the experiment indicated that all calves experienced diarrhea following challenge tests. However, the non colostrum group showed a frequent defecation, more liquid faeces, a longer length of diarrhea and more severe clinical signs of diarrhea. It was confirmed that E' coli found and every feacal Samples,collected. In conclusion, colostrums collected from cow vaccinated by E. coli showed protective properties against E. coli K-99 infection

Profil protein total, albumin dan globulin pada ayam broiler yang diberi kungiy, bawang putih dan Zinc (Zn)

The objective of this experiment was to study the effectiveness of turmeric, garlic and zinc supplementation on protein, albumin and globulin concentration of broiler. One hundred DOC were divided into five treatments, four replications, consist of five chicks in each replicate. The treatments were RO (basal diet as a control), R1 (RO + 1,5% turmeric powder +2,5 % garlic powder), R2 (RO + 2,5% garlic powder + 120 ppm zinc), R3 (RO +1,5% turmeric powder+ 120ppm zinc) and R4 (RO +1,5 turmeric powder+ 2,5% garlic powder + 120 ppm zinc). The diet contain 23,5% crude protein and 3215 kcal metabolizable energy. Blood samples were taken from axillary veins at the three and six weeks of age. The results showed that total protein and globulin concentration at 6 weeks slightly higher than 3 weeks old chicks but not significantly different (P>0.05). Albumin concentration were highest on R3 treatment. Total protein and globulin concentration washighest on the R2 treatment. In conclusion, the supplementation of garlic (2.5%) and ZnO (120 ppm) showed the best combination to improve immune response in broiler

Diare pada sapi neonatus yang ditantang Escherichia coli K-99

The objective of this experiment was to study the efficacy- of colostrum given to neonatal calves challenged by Escherichia coli (E. col!) K-99. Ten healthy calves devided into two groups i.e. colostrum group (given colostrum originated from cows vaccinated by E. coli) and non-colostrum group (given whole cow milk). Colostrum or milk were given to the calves at amounts of 10% of body weight directly after birth and Followed by the same amount every 12 h, for three days. Challenged were done orally to all newborn calves when they were 12 hours of ages, using live bacteria of E. coli K-99. Fecal samples were collected every 12 hours for one week. Results of the experiment indicated that all calves experienced diarrhea following challenge tests. However, the non colostrum group showed a frequent defecation, more liquid faeces, a longer length of diarrhea and more severe clinical signs of diarrhea. It was confirmed that E' coli found and every feacal Samples,collected. In conclusion, colostrums collected from cow vaccinated by E. coli showed protective properties against E. coli K-99 infection

Konsentrasi IL-6 Serum terhadap Penyembuhan Luka Pasca Pemasangan Implan Paduan Logam pada Babi (Sus scrofa)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran konsentrasi IL-6 serum pada fase akut dan kronis selama proses penyembuhan luka pasca pemasangan implan paduan logam pada vesika urinaria babi. Penelitian ini menggunakan 6 ekor babi jantan dan betina, usia 2-3 bulan, dengan bobot badan berkisar 25-30 kg yang dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok implan dan tiga waktu pengamatan. Implan logam yang digunakan adalah Zn-0.5Al sebagai kelompok I dan ZnMg(4x) sebagai kelompok II, sedangkan waktu pengamatan dilakukan pada hari ke-0, 14, dan 28. Pemasangan implan dilakukan pada vesika urinaria (VU) menggunakan teknik cystotomi. Pengukuran konsentrasi IL-6 serum menggunakan metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data dianalasis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada hari ke-0, implan Zn-0.5Al dan ZnMg(4x) berturut-turut adalah 1.38±2.40 pg/mL dan 0.10±0.17 pg/mL. Konsentrasi IL-6 hari ke-14 pada setiap implan terlihat mengalami penurunan dibandingkan pada hari ke-0, yaitu 0.74±1.29 pg/mL dan 0 pg/mL. Selanjutnya hari ke-28 konsentrasi IL-6 kembali mengalami penurunan, yaitu 0.32±0.35 pg/mL dan 0 pg/mL. Penurunan konsentrasi IL-6 dari fase akut ke fase kronis proses penyembuhan luka pada setiap kelompok implan tidak berbeda signifikan (P>0,05). Pemeriksaan serum pada babi (Sus scrofa) terhadap konsentrasi IL-6 kelompok perlakuan implan Zn-0,5Al dan ZnMg(4x) tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nyata (P>0,05) pada hari ke-0, 14, dan 28

Profil protein total, albumin dan globulin pada ayam broiler yang diberi kungiy, bawang putih dan Zinc (Zn)

The objective of this experiment was to study the effectiveness of turmeric, garlic and zinc supplementation on protein, albumin and globulin concentration of broiler. One hundred DOC were divided into five treatments, four replications, consist of five chicks in each replicate. The treatments were RO (basal diet as a control), R1 (RO + 1,5% turmeric powder +2,5 % garlic powder), R2 (RO + 2,5% garlic powder + 120 ppm zinc), R3 (RO +1,5% turmeric powder+ 120ppm zinc) and R4 (RO +1,5 turmeric powder+ 2,5% garlic powder + 120 ppm zinc). The diet contain 23,5% crude protein and 3215 kcal metabolizable energy. Blood samples were taken from axillary veins at the three and six weeks of age. The results showed that total protein and globulin concentration at 6 weeks slightly higher than 3 weeks old chicks but not significantly different (P>0.05). Albumin concentration were highest on R3 treatment. Total protein and globulin concentration washighest on the R2 treatment. In conclusion, the supplementation of garlic (2.5%) and ZnO (120 ppm) showed the best combination to improve immune response in broiler

Profil Kreatinin dan Nitrogen Urea Darah pada Anak Sapi Friesian Holstein yang Disuplementasi Zn

Parameter kreatinin dan nitrogen urea darah atau blood urea nitrogen (BUN) dapat digunakan sebagai indikator untuk melihat adanya gangguan fungsi ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar kreatinin dan BUN dalam serum anak sapi Friesian Holstein (FH) yang diberi suplementasi mineral Zn di dalam pakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan 9 ekor anak sapi FH yang sehat secara klinis dan umur berkisar antara 6-10 bulan. Hewan dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu kelompok tanpa suplementasi Zn, kelompok yang diberi suplementasi Zn sebesar 60 ppm, dan kelompok yang diberi suplementasi Zn sebesar 120 ppm. Pengambilan sampel darah dilakukan melalui vena jugularis sebelum pemberian Zn dan setiap bulan setelah pemberian Zn selama 3 bulan. Sampel darah dalam bentuk serum dianalisis untuk kadar kreatinin dan BUN menggunakan alat spektrofotometer. Hasil pemeriksaan memperlihatkan bahwa kadar kreatinin darah berkisar antara 0,64 sampai 0,77 mg/dL, dan kadar BUN berkisar antara 8 sampai 19 mg/dL. Kadar kreatinin dan BUN darah pada anak sapi FH masih berada pada kisaran normal. Oleh karena itu suplementasi Zn 60 ppm maupun 120 ppm yang diberikan selama tiga bulan pada anak sapi FH relatif aman dan tidak menggangu fungsi ginjal.Kata kunci: mineral Zn, BUN, kreatinin, anak sapi Friesian Holstein. (Creatinin and Blood Urea Nitrogen Profiles on Friesian Holstein Calves Supplemented by Zn)Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) can be used for indicator renal disfuction. The objective of this experiment was to study the concentration of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in Friesian Holstein (FH) calves, received feed supplemented by Zn. Nine healthy Holstein calves, 6-10 months old were used in this experiment. The calves were devided into 3 groups, consisted of three calves, i.e. no supplementation (control), 60 ppm and 120 ppm of Zn supplementation. Blood sample were collected from jugular vein, before dan after supllementation Zn every month untill 3 months. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations in serum were analysed using spectrophotometer. Results of the experiment had indicated that the creatinine and BUN concentration ranging between 0,64-0,77 mg/dL and 8-19 mg/dL, respectively. In conclusion, concentration of creatinine and Blood urea nitrogen were in a normal range. So the supplementation of Zn 60 and 120 ppm were given for three months in Friesian Holstein calves relatively safe for renal function.Keywords: zinc, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, Friesian Holstein calves

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM OF PIGS (Sus scrofa) ANESTHETIZED WITH A COMBINATION OF KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE AND KETAMINE-ACEPROMAZINE

This study aims to evaluate and compare the effects of the combination of ketamine-medetomidine and ketamine-acepromazine anesthesia on pig electrocardiogram (ECG) images. The study was conducted to see the ECG Leads II in six pigs which were divided into two groups. Group I (K1) was given a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg BW) and medetomidine (0.08 mg/kg BW), while Group II (K2) was given a combination of ketamine (22 mg/kg BW) and acepromazine (1.1 mg/kg BW) intramuscularly. ECG recording was performed after the pigs were anesthetized at the surgical stage by attaching the recording electrodes to the front wall of the chest, front left and right ankles, and back right and left back ankles. The ECG recording used 1 voltage (1 cm = 1mV) with a speed of 25 mm/sec. The parameters observed were heart rate frequency, heart rhythm, P duration, P amplitude, PR interval, R amplitude, QRS interval, QT interval, ST segment, T wave, and Mean Electrical Axis (MEA). Data obtained from this study were analyzed by T-test. The results showed that K1 had an average heart rate of 100 x/minute, regular heart rhythm, P duration of 0.07 sec, P amplitude of 0.27 mV, PR interval of 0.17 sec, R amplitude of 0.75 mV, QRS interval of 0.05 sec, QT interval of 0.20 sec, ST segment of 0.17sec, T wave of 0.17 mV, and MEA of 83.60°; meanwhile, K2 had an average heart rate of 122 x/minute, regular heart rhythm, P duration of 0.06 mm/sec, P amplitude of 0.23 mV, PR interval of 0.14 sec, R amplitude of 0.80 mV, QRS interval of 0.04 sec, QT interval of 0.16 sec, ST segment of 0.14 sec, T wave of 0.12 mV, and MEA of 68.60. The ketamine-medetomidine combination produced good quality of anesthetics for the cardiovascular system