Nursery Culture Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei with Probiotics Addition and Different C/N Ratio Under Laboratory Condition

Application of bioflocs technology and probiotics has improved water quality and production of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture. This experiment was to verify the effect of probiotic bacteria addition and different carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio on water quality and performance of Pacific white shrimp nursery culture. Nursery culture was carried out for 25 days in an aquarium under laboratory condition with stock density of one Post-Larvae (PL) (poslarval) per liter (24 PL/aquarium) of PL16 shrimp. Different C:N ratio resulted a significant difference on shrimp production performance. Treatment of 10 C:N ratio demonstrated the best shrimp growth (20.37 + 0.48% per day in weight and 6.05 + 0.41% per day in length), harvesting yield (1180 + 62 g/m3) and feed efficiency (121 + 6%). There was however no significant difference observed between treatments in water quality

The influence of biofloc system on Vibrio composition, the growth and the gut microvilli performance of the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei

Biofloc technology has been shown to have a positive impact on shrimp culture by controlling pathogenic Vibrio. This study aimed to analyze the effect of biofloc on the Vibrio composition in water and shrimp gut, as well as the growth performance and microvilli of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Shrimp post-larvae measuring 0.66 ± 0.02 g were reared in a glass aquarium (working volume 22 L) of 6 units with a density of 150 shrimp m-3 for 28 days. The treatments included rearing in the biofloc system with C/N ratio 10, and without a biofloc system as a control. The results showed that Vibrio was highly prevalent in the control gut (4.13%) and biofloc water (3.77%), but only a few were found in the control water (0.16%) and biofloc-treated gut (0.11%). V. hepatarius (1.10%) and V. nereis (1.06%) were found to dominate the Vibrio bacterial community in the biofloc system maintenance media, while Vibrio sp. Hep-1b-8 (2.26%) and V. parahaemolyticus (0.80%) known as a pathogenic bacteria dominated the control shrimp gut. The biofloc system significantly increased the digestive enzyme activity, growth performance, and microvilli length in the shrimp gut. In conclusion, the application of a biofloc system in shrimp culture can affect the composition and abundance of bacterial communities in both the culture environment and the shrimp gut, and improve growth performance with higher digestive enzyme activity and longer microvilli in the gut.   Keywords: biocontrol, biofloc, microbiota, shrimp, Vibrio   ABSTRAK   Teknologi bioflok menunjukkan dampak positif pada kegiatan budidaya udang vaname dengan mengendalikan bakteri patogen salah satunya Vibrio. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek bioflok terhadap komposisi Vibrio pada  air dan usus udang, serta kinerja pertumbuhan dan mikrovili udang vaname (Penaeus vanamei). Udang post-larva berukuran 0.66 ± 0.02 g dipelihara pada akuarium kaca (volume air 22 L) sebanyak 6 unit dengan kepadatan 150 ekor m-3 selama 28 hari. Perlakuan meliputi pemeliharaan udang pada sistem bioflok dengan rasio C/N 10, dan tanpa sistem bioflok sebagai perlakuan kontrol. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan kelimpahan Vibrio yang cukup tinggi pada usus perlakuan kontrol (4.13%) dan air perlakuan bioflok (3.77%), tetapi sangat sedikit ditemukan pada air perlakuan kontrol dan usus perlakuan bioflok. Selanjutnya, V. hepatarius (2.26%) dan V. nereis (1.06%) terdeteksi mendominasi komunitas bakteri Vibrio di media pemeliharaan pada sistem bioflok, sedangkan Vibrio sp. Hep-1b-8 (2.26%) dan V. parahaemolyticus (0.80%) mendominasi usus udang vaname pada perlakuan kontrol. Sistem bioflok juga mampu meningkatkan aktivitas enzim pencernaan, performa pertumbuhan, dan panjang mikrovili usus secara signifikan (P < 0.05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penerapan sistem bioflok pada budidaya udang vaname mampu memengaruhi komposisi dan kelimpahan komunitas bakteri Vibrio pada lingkungan budidaya maupun pada usus udang, serta meningkatkan performa pertumbuhan dengan aktivitas enzim pencernaan yang lebih baik dan mikrovilli usus yang lebih panjang.   Kata kunci: bioflok, biokontrol, microbiota, udang vaname, Vibri

Evaluation of Biofloc Technology Application on Water Quality and Production Performance of Red Tilapia Oreochromis sp. Cultured at Different Stocking Densities

This study evaluated the effect of biofloc technology (BFT) application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. at different stocking densities. Three different fish densities were applied, i.e. 25, 50, and 100 fish/m3, and for each density there were Control (without external carbon input) and BFT treatments. Mixed sex red tilapia with an initial average body weight 77.89 + 3.71 g was cultured in 3 m3 concrete tanks for 14 weeks. Molasses was added on BFT treatments as the organic carbon source at a C/N ratio of 15. Control treatments of each density tested showed more fluctuated water quality parameters throughout the experimental period. The highest TAN and nitrite-nitrogen were observed in control treatment at a stocking density of 100 fish/m3 (3.97 mg TAN/L and 9.29 mg NO2-N/L, respectively). The highest total yield was observed in control treatment at the highest density treatment (43.50 kg), whereas the highest survival was obtained by BFT treatment at a density of 25 fish/m3 (97.78 + 0.77%). Total feed used in BFT was lower than that of control treatments in particular at 50 fish/m3 density (P < 0.05) suggesting that biofloc could be continuously harvested by the fish as other source of food

Characterization of fermentation liquid from mangrove leaves Avicennia marina and its inhibitory potential for bacterium causing ice-ice disease

ABSTRAK &nbsp; Cairan fermentasi daun mangrove Avicennia marina mengandung mikroorganisme, nutrient, dan metabolit sekunder. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri dan senyawa dalam cairan fermentasi daun mangrove A. marina dan mengukur daya hambatnya terhadap bakteri patogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia penyebab penyakit ice-ice pada rumput laut. &nbsp;Hasil analisis molekuler dengan target gen 16S rRNA menunjukkan bahwa bakteri dalam cairan fermentasi terdiri atas delapan jenis Bacillus, yaitu Bacillus subtilis MSAR-01, Bacillus megaterium MSAR-02, Bacillus firmus MSAR-03, Bacillus thuringiensis MSAR-04, Bacillus subterranerus MSAR-05, Bacillus vietnamensis MSAR-06, Bacillus sp. MSAR-07, Bacillus circulans MSAR-08, dengan daya hambat terbaik ditunjukkan oleh B. subtilis MSAR-01, B. vietnamensis MSAR-06, dan Bacillus sp. MSAR-07. Pemberian asam laktat, bakteriosin, cairan fermentasi total, dan supernatan sebanyak 15 mL menghasilkan daya hambat terhadap bakteri S. maltophilia lebih baik daripada menggunakan salah satu atau kombinasi beberapa jenis bakteri isolat. Daya hambat cairan fermentasi dan supernatan yang diperkaya bakteri tunggal lebih baik daripada pengayaan kombinasi bakteri. &nbsp; Kata kunci: Avicennia marina, fermentasi, ice-ice, mangroveABSTRACT &nbsp; Fermentation liquid from mangrove leaves Avicennia marina contains microorganisms, nutrients, and secondary metabolites. This study aimed to identify bacteria and the compounds in fermentation liquid of mangrove leaves A. marina and measured their inhibitory capacity against pathogenic bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia which causes ice-ice disease in seaweed. Molecular analysis which aimed the 16S rRNA gene showed that the bacteria in fermentation liquid consisted of eight types of Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis MSAR-01, Bacillus megaterium MSAR-02, Bacillus firmus MSAR-03, Bacillus thuringiensis MSAR-04, Bacillus subterranerus MSAR-05, Bacillus vietnamensis MSAR-06, Bacillus sp. MSAR-07, Bacillus circulans MSAR-08, with the best inhibitory power indicated by B. subtilis MSAR-01, B. vietnamensis MSAR-06, and Bacillus sp. MSAR-07. The administration of lactic acid, bacteriocin, total fermentation liquid, and supernatant as much as 15 mL produce inhibition to S. maltophilia indicated better result &nbsp;than using one or a combination of several types of bacterial isolates. The inhibition of single bacterial enriched fermentation and supernatant liquids was better than bacterial combination enrichment. &nbsp; Keywords: Avicennia marina, fermentation, ice-ice, mangrov

Microbial abundance and diversity in water, and immune parameters of red tilapia reared in bioflocs system with different fish density (25 fish/m3, 50 fish/m3, and 100 fish/m3)

ABSTRACTThe objective of this experiment was to study microbial abundance and diversity in the water, and immune parameters of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. cultured in bioflok system with different fish stocking densities. The experiment comprised of two different factors, carbon source addition (bioflocs and control), and fish stocking density (25 fish/m3, 50 fish/m3, dan 100 fish/m3), with an experimental period of 99 days. Microbial load in water was determined biweekly, whereas immune parameters represented by fish blood profile were measured on day 0, 50, and 90. There was no significant difference in total bacteria count in the water of all treatments; there was however a tendency shown by all treatments that the microbial load in water increased along with the culture period. There were 4 genera of bacteria which particularly found in bioflok system, which are Acinetobacter sp., Corynobacterium sp., Listeria sp., dan Pseudomonas sp, and are suggested to play a role in bioflok formation. The percentage of phagocytic index of fish in bioflok system was higher than that in control, and may indicate that bioflok may stimulate the fish immune system.Keywords: bioflocs, red tilapia, bacteria, blood profile. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kelimpahan dan keragaman jenis bakteri dalam air dan parameter imunitas ikan nila Oreochromis sp. yang dipelihara dalam sistem bioflok dengan kepadatan ikan yang berbeda. Penelitian terdiri atas dua faktor perlakuan yaitu penambahan sumber carbon (bioflok dan kontrol), dan padat penebaran ikan (25 ekor/m3, 50 ekor/m3, dan 100 ekor/m3) dengan lama waktu pemeliharaan ikan selama 99 hari. Kelimpahan bakteri diukur setiap 2 minggu sekali selama masa pemeliharaan. Parameter imunitas meliputi gambaran darah diukur dengan pengambilan contoh darah yang dilakukan pada tiga ekor ikan pada hari ke 0, 50, dan 99. Kelimpahan bakteri pada semua perlakuan pada setiap titik pengamatan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. Semua perlakuan menunjukkan kecenderungan peningkatan kelimpahan bakteri seiring dengan masa pemeliharaan. Terdapat 4 genus bakteri yang hanya ditemukan pada kolam bioflok yaitu Acinetobacter sp., Corynobacterium sp., Listeria sp., dan Pseudomonas sp yang diduga berperan dalam pembentukan bioflok. Persentase indeks fagositik pada ikan dengan perlakuan bioflok lebih tinggi dibanding kontrol, yang mengindikasikan peran bioflok sebagai stimulus sistem imun.Kata kunci: bioflok, nila merah, bakteri, gambaran darah

Dietary supplementation of Bacillus sp. NP5 and dayak onion simplicia powder Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. for the prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila in catfish Clarias sp.

Aeromonas hydrophila is the main causative agent of ulcerative disease in catfish and causes considerable economic losses to Indonesian aquaculture. This study evaluates the prebiotic activity and the effect of feed supplementation of dayak onion simplicia powder (DOSP) on the immune response and survival of catfish infected with A. hydrophila. Five doses (0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40 g/mL) of DOSP were tested in vitro to assess the prebiotic activity score. The results showed that a dose of 0.20 g/mL gave a significantly (P<0.05) higher probiotic stimulation value than other doses. In the in vivo test, the study used a completely randomized design with five treatments, namely simplicia (DOSP 20 g/kg), probiotic (PRO, Bacillus sp. NP5 108 CFU/mL, 1% v/w), combination (PRO+DOSP), and control (positive and negative). Fish were reared for 45 days and fed three times a day. On day 46, fish from all treatments, except negative control, were infected with an A. hydrophila dose of 106 CFU/mL injected intramuscularly. The results showed that the combination treatment (PRO+DOSP) gave better total erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total leukocytes and phagocytosis activity than probiotics, DOSP, and control. Administering the combination (PRO+DOSP) can reduce the total number of A. hydrophila lower than the probiotic, DOSP, and control treatments. In addition, the survival rate of catfish in the combined treatment (PRO+DOSP) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than probiotics, DOSP, and control. The results of this study can be a helpful reference and application for the early prevention of A. hydrophila infection.   Keywords: aquaculture, Bacillus sp. NP5, dayak onion, probiotics, simplicia powder   ABSTRAK   Aeromonas hydrophila adalah penyebab utama penyakit bercak merah pada budidaya ikan lele dan menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi cukup besar pada akuakultur Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas prebiotik serbuk simplisia bawang dayak (SSBD) dan pengaruh penambahan kombinasi probiotik Bacillus sp. NP5 dan SSBD pada pakan terhadap respons imun dan kelangsungan hidup ikan lele yang diinfeksi A. hydrophila. Lima dosis (0,20, 0,25, 0,30, 0,35, dan 0,40 g/mL) SSBD diuji secara in vitro untuk menilai skor aktivitas prebiotik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis 0,20 g/mL memberikan nilai stimulasi probiotik signifikan (P<0,05) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dosis lainnya. Pada uji in vivo, penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap terdiri dari lima perlakuan, yaitu simplisia (SSBD, serbuk simplisia bawang dayak 20 g/kg), probiotik (PRO, Bacillus sp. NP5 108 CFU/mL, 1% (v/w), kombinasi (PRO+SSBD), dan kontrol (positif dan negatif). Ikan dipelihara selama 45 hari dan diberi pakan tiga kali sehari. Pada hari ke 46, ikan pada semua perlakuan, kecuali kontrol negatif, di infeksi A. hydrophila dosis 106 CFU/mL secara intramuskular. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi (PRO+SSBD) memberikan total eritrosit, hemoglobin, hematokrit, total leukosit dan aktivitas fagositosis lebih baik dibandingkan probitoik, SSBD, dan kontrol. Kombinasi (PRO+SSBD) mampu menekan total A. hydrophila lebih rendah dibandingkan probiotik, SSBD, dan kontrol. Selain itu, tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan lele pada perlakuan kombinasi (PRO+SSBD) signifikan (P<0,05) lebih tinggi dibandingkan probitoik, SSBD, dan kontrol. Hasil penelitian ini bisa menjadi referensi dan aplikasi yang efektif untuk pencegahan dini infeksi A. hydrophila.   Kata kunci: akuakultur, Bacillus sp. NP5, bawang dayak, probiotik, serbuk simplisi

The role of microbial quorum sensing on the characteristics and functionality of bioflocs in aquaculture systems

The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of microbial cell-to-cell communication through quorum sensing (QS) mechanisms on bioflocs characteristics and functionality in aquaculture systems. This study comprised of four experimental stages, i.e. (1) inhibition of microbial aggregation and its effect on biofloc characteristics, (2) the effect of QS signal molecules addition on bioflocs characteristics and functions, (3) the effect of a QS signal molecule addition on bioflocs consumption by African catfish juvenile, and (4) quantification of QS molecule in a biofloc-based African catfish culture. For experiment one to three, bioflocs suspension was obtained from a biofloc sequencing batch reactor with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h using N-NH4Cl as the nitrogen source. Vanillin was used as a quorum sensing inhibitor in the first experiment to demonstrate the effect of a QS inhibitor on the formation of microbial aggregates in bioflocs and biofloc characteristics. The addition of vanillin at 0.30 mg/ L significantly reduced microbioal aggregation, particle size and protein content of bioflocs. On the other hand, adding QS signal molecules significantly enhanced the protein content and the physical characteristics of bioflocs, as indicated by the increase in total suspended solids, floc volume, floc volume index and bioflocs particle size. Interestingly the addition of QS signal molecules notably increased the total ammoniacal nitrogen removal capacity of biofloc resuspension and the consumption of bioflocs by African catfish juveniles to almost double. The assessment of QS signal concentration in bioflocs pellet collected from biofloc-based African catfish production units at different culture age by using Chromobacterium violaceum 026 demonstrated that the concentrations of QS signals molecules increased with the increase of the culture age. In conclusion, the results of the present study clearly demonstrated that microbial quorum sensing plays some important roles in bioflocs characteristics and functionality in aquaculture systems

Evaluation of Biofloc Technology Application on Water Quality and Production Performance of Red Tilapia Oreochromis sp. Cultured at Different Stocking Densities

This study evaluated the effect of biofloc technology (BFT) application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. at different stocking densities. Three different fish densities were applied, i.e. 25, 50, and 100 fish/m3, and for each density there were Control (without external carbon input) and BFT treatments. Mixed sex red tilapia with an initial average body weight 77.89 + 3.71 g was cultured in 3 m3 concrete tanks for 14 weeks. Molasses was added on BFT treatments as the organic carbon source at a C/N ratio of 15. Control treatments of each density tested showed more fluctuated water quality parameters throughout the experimental period. The highest TAN and nitrite-nitrogen were observed in control treatment at a stocking density of 100 fish/m3 (3.97 mg TAN/L and 9.29 mg NO2-N/L, respectively). The highest total yield was observed in control treatment at the highest density treatment (43.50 kg), whereas the highest survival was obtained by BFT treatment at a density of 25 fish/m3 (97.78 + 0.77%). Total feed used in BFT was lower than that of control treatments in particular at 50 fish/m3 density (P < 0.05) suggesting that biofloc could be continuously harvested by the fish as other source of food

Nursery Culture Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei with Probiotics Addition and Different C/N Ratio Under Laboratory Condition

Application of bioflocs technology and probiotics has improved water quality and production of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture. This experiment was to verify the effect of probiotic bacteria addition and different carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio on water quality and performance of Pacific white shrimp nursery culture. Nursery culture was carried out for 25 days in an aquarium under laboratory condition with stock density of one Post-Larvae (PL) (poslarval) per liter (24 PL/aquarium) of PL16 shrimp. Different C:N ratio resulted a significant difference on shrimp production performance. Treatment of 10 C:N ratio demonstrated the best shrimp growth (20.37 ± 0.48% per day in weight and 6.05 ± 0.41% per day in length), harvesting yield (1180 ± 62 g/m3) and feed efficiency (121 ± 6%). There was however no significant difference observed between treatments in water quality