The effect of polyclinic services in a lower income group community

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Introduction to Law as Plural Phenomenon: Confrontations of Legal Pluralisms

__Abstract__ The traditional and dominant view among lawyers is that law is a system and that it originates with the state. Today’s contrary view among some lawyers and a host of researchers from other disciplines says that law is plural in form and in source. Both views seem to rule each other out, seem to speak different languages, differ in assumptions and assign different normative tasks to law. Legal pluralism is the topic of this special issue, addressed in different ways, from different theoretical perspectives and in different empirical contexts. The first two articles in this special issue make clear that the debate over law as a plural phenomenon firstly bears a civilizing historical trait, and secondly has an ethnocentric component. Both articles make clear why many lawyers have a problem with viewing law as plural

Hubungan Antara Kadar Vitamin D Dengan Waktu Transpor Mukosilia Pada Pasien Geriatri

ABSTRAK HUBUNGAN ANTARA KADAR VITAMIN D DENGAN WAKTU TRANSPOR MUKOSILIA PADA PASIEN GERIATRI Gatot Andriyadi Wibowo, Sarwastuti Hendradewi, Vicky Eko Nurcahyo Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Telinga Hidung Tengorok Bedah Kepala dan Leher Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret/RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Latar Belakang : Masalah kesehatan merupakan permasalahan yang besar pada geriatri. Pada geriatri terjadi proses penuaan dimana menghilangnya secara perlahan-lahan kemampuan jaringan untuk memperbaiki dan pertahanan diri dari infeksi. Kekurangan vitamin D dan infeksi saluran nafas atas merupakan penyakit yang sering terjadi pada geriatri. Infeksi saluran nafas atas dapat terjadi karena menurunnya fungsi transpor mukosilia dimana kalsium berperan dalam pergerakan dari silia. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara kadar vitamin D dengan waktu transpor mukosilia pada pasien geriatri. Metode : Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain penelitian cross-sectional. Subjek adalah pasien geriatri yang sesuai dalam kriteria inklusi. Dilakukan pengukuran kadar vitamin D, pemeriksaan kadar 25 (OH)D dengan ELISA dan pengukuran waktu transpor mukosiliar menggunakan tes sakarin. Hasil : Didapatkan bahwa adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat kadar vitamin D, dengan waktu transpor mukosilia (r=0,418; p = 0,007). Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat kadar vitamin D, dengan waktu transpor mukosilia pada pasien geriatri. Kata kunci : Kadar Vitamin D, Transpor mukosilia, Geriatri

EU investor protection regulation and private law:A comparative analysis of the interplay between MiFID & MiFID II and liability for investment losses

Mis-selling scandals across the EU have demonstrated the vulnerability of retail investors, who rely on investing in financial markets for their future welfare, and the importance of protecting their interests. The conduct of business rules contained MiFID and MiFID II, such as the duty to disclose risk information and the duty to tailor advice to the client, govern the relationship between firms and investors and are designed to protect the latter. The main aim of this thesis is to research how enforcement by civil courts of the EU investor protection regulation embodied in the MiFID and MiFID II conduct of business rules can contribute to retail investor protection. This thesis answers two main research questions. The first is how can we conceptualise the interaction between the conduct of business rules originating at the EU level and private law norms that determine the liability of firms, such as violation of a duty of care, causation, contributory negligence, and limitation. The second question asks what gateways there are in private law to the impact of these rules on the firm’s liability, comparing German, Dutch, and English law. The research concludes that the complementarity model is the preferred model of the interaction between the conduct of business rules and private law norms. This model preserves the autonomy of private law norms governing the liability of firms towards investors, while presupposing that courts should give regard to the conduct of business rules when adjudicating individual disputes. In addition, this study shows that retail investors have benefited from the conduct of business rules in financial litigation in the legal systems in question, albeit to a varying degree. The research also demonstrates a hybridisation of judicial reasoning in the enforcement process resulting from the accommodation of the EU investor protection regulation into the private law discourse. This hybridisation illustrates the significant potential of judicial enforcement of the conduct of business rules through private law means to contribute to retail investor protection